You apply mathematics all the time - when you watch a car, you estimate based on it's position, first derivative (velocity) and 2nd derivative (acceleration) whether it is safe to cross the road. But you do that intuitively, and you're probably asking about using math explicitly. In that case ....<p>Probability is useful in any setting that requires a decision, and can often be done in your head or back-of-the-envelope style. Requires that you be aware of bayes' rule (and base rate fallacy) to not lead you astray.<p>Logarithmic scales are often useful for things that behave that way - like stock and currency prices. It's very rare to see a long term logarithmic graph of such values, although much of the information is only apparent on this scale.
There are quite a few popular books on this topic, e.g. <i>How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking</i> :<p><a href="https://smile.amazon.com/How-Not-Be-Wrong-Mathematical/dp/0143127535" rel="nofollow">https://smile.amazon.com/How-Not-Be-Wrong-Mathematical/dp/01...</a>
If you learn how to read and write proofs (formal mathematical arguments), you can apply what you've learned to thinking clearly, systematically and logically about various things. For example, clear rigorous disciplined deductive thinking is extremely helpful in writing, debugging and testing computer software.
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem</a> To figure out how long of a wire to to use when hanging a picture. It was actually a 5 ft wide mirror, so trickier than a normal wall picture.<p>Lots of geometry in woodworking, figuring out the sequence of cuts, and angle of cuts to get the desired result.