Recently got my own VPS from prgmr.com which offers a do-it-yourself sort of support package (great for a beginner who wants to learn more). I've gotten pretty far by using <i>man</i> and <i>apropos</i>. What's the most efficient way for me to learn to manage my own server?
Make backups (for whatever definition of "backup" you need in your context) religiously, and store them somewhere that isn't your primary provider. Test your ability to construct a new running system (preferably on another VPS provider) from your backup. Do this regularly, not just once.<p>Now you have a safety net, and you can go nuts with whatever hare-brained schemes you happen to find in a how-to. :) Both Slicehost and Linode have excellent libraries of articles for setting up typical services, although neither one give ongoing maintenance (backups, patching, monitoring, log reviews, etc) nearly enough attention.<p>If you really want a learning experience, find an old machine, and spend some time with "Linux From Scratch": <a href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/</a> . You'll learn an enormous amount about how the whole system fits together by going through that exercise. (I did that with a few machines back in the day before there was something like LFS to point people to; having a roadmap like that would have sped the learning process up significantly.)
When I got my first VPS, I read through the articles at Slicehost: <a href="http://articles.slicehost.com/" rel="nofollow">http://articles.slicehost.com/</a><p>The walkthroughs cover a variety of distros including Ubuntu, Debian, and CentOS and can be quite useful regardless of where your VPS is hosted. The articles emphasize good security practices as well which can be helpful for a beginner to understand.<p>The other thing to do is dig into the docs for anything specific you plan to work on. I tend to look for tools with good documentation before getting started. I've always been impressed with Apache HTTP Server's documentation (<a href="http://httpd.apache.org/" rel="nofollow">http://httpd.apache.org/</a>) and have learned a lot by referencing it when I've had issues.<p>Whenever you have questions, ask friendly geeks for help. I always do best with real-life assistance, but IRC is a good way to go as well.
Here's a short checklist sorta thing in no particular order.<p>1. Go get Nemeth's Linux Sysadmin Handbook. Read it and learn the tricks of the trade.<p>2. I cannot stress this enough, get a desktop with the exact Linux distro you put up. You never know what you'll learn just working in it day by day.<p>3. Pick up Sobell's book on the Linux shells. Running a VPS means learning the in's and out's of the shell.<p>4. Learn about the Apache server if you are using it (or another web server), everything you can get your hands on. Get to know how and at what access level is it running. What its config files are, what tweak goes in it. If you're an avid reader, go get the Apache Cookbook.<p>5. Make, make, make backups along checkpoints.<p>6. Don't fear the IRC. Sometimes even just listening in on some channels like where Slicehost is discussed, you'll pick up a lot.<p>7. Use 'info' where available. And read up on bugtraq if you have the time.<p>8. Tweak/tune one thing at a time. Starting with the things you know best. Take a backup at each step.
Sounds to me like you're already doing it.<p>The other thing you'll want to do is understand why things work, not just be a "configuration file programmer".
Break stuff often. Be aware that prgmr's out of band management console is very spartan: if you break your system, using prgmr's console is analogous to loading a Live CD in a computer and attempting to recover the installation manually, so be aware of that.<p>This sounds borderline zealous, but I recommend installing Gentoo or Arch Linux as your first VPS system if you're just starting out on Linux; either that, or start off with NetBSD if you're willing to go down that route as well. The default install options for each of those distros/OS's are very minimal, and so you're forced to think about exactly what you need to install in order to get a working system.<p>I second bediger: be sure to investigate _why_ things work, and not _how_ to get it to work. The latter is very important for getting things done, but the former is what trains you in diagnosing obscure system issues.
It helps to use one of the more flexible and less user-friendly Linux distros on an old desktop or in a VM. I kind of like ArchLinux.<p>The problem with Linux, though, is that there are several main families, and even distros in the same family don't really adhere to any specific standard. Some might use syslog, others syslog-ng. Some sendmail, others postfix. It's kind of a mess.<p>Familiarizing yourself with a few flavors (and maybe FreeBSD or OpenBSD for good measure) on a machine you force yourself to use on occasion, you will find your comfort level for basic UNIX power-user and sysadmin stuff will grow.
First, learn how to reduce your attack surface. This article is a pretty good introduction:<p><a href="http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/hardening_linux" rel="nofollow">http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/hardening_linux</a>
Get cheap hardware and set up a Unix distro on it. Poke around and see how it works. You'll be better off with a distro that tries to use a relatively straightforward text-file-based configuration rather than a GUI/menu system. And when I say cheap hardware - the dusty, yellowing box in your friend/relative's closet with 200 mhz, 32 mb RAM, no video card, and a broken hard drive is very much an option. Unix was designed for far less, and flaky hardware will teach you about how to do real backups. :)<p>I really like OpenBSD (and the minimalism and <i>excellent</i> documentation are real advantages for learning systems administration), but since you're using prgmr.com, you would probably be better off using a distro they provide* - Debian, perhaps. While there are probably faster ways to learn sysadmin skills, I learned what I know by just dealing with all the issues that have come up over a decade. (And sooner or later, knowing ed <i>will</i> pay off.)<p>* Though I've found experience with BSD to transfer better to Unix-in-general than Linux. This is probably an even mix of cultural factors and history - BSD is pretty old-school.
I first learned to manage a server using a Slicehost VPS. They have a good collection of tutorials at <a href="http://articles.slicehost.com/" rel="nofollow">http://articles.slicehost.com/</a><p>A lot of it depends on what you are trying to 'serve' :)<p>EDIT: Make sure you spend some time reading about security issues (iptables and such). It's easy to miss, but certainly as important as any other sys-admin task
Make sure you're also running Linux as your desktop machine. You'll be able to run almost exactly the same environment as your server, and it's a good way to be able to play around with all the different things available to you in that environment.
Above and beyond, install the same distro you are using on the server as your primary operating system at home. There is no better way to learn something than to surround yourself by it and work at it repeatedly. Linux on the desktop will get you comfortable enough on your server in a very quick way.<p>Oh, and above and beyond, don't even think about trying to mess with things that will require a reboot quite yet. Wait until you are much more capable. I've been using Linux for 15 years and OpenBSD for 8, and I still get cold palms when working remotely on my server if it requires a reboot!
If you're a programmer I recommend you (try to) create your own console like Webmin. I learned everything I've ever needed to know about various mail servers, web servers, databases, various configuration files and system level stuff. You don't have to use it or go very far with the actual project in terms of polishing, but it makes for an excellent educational project.
Get in there and do something with your VPS. You can always reset/reinstall. The process of following through and doing it - until it works as you originally envisioned is the best way to learn and improve. During the process understanding how things work and why is more important than finding that perfect configuration (see bediger's comment).<p>Now as soon as you have users or a business, etc... things change quickly. Your goal will change from learning to maintaining or stability. That's why multiple environments are so common. Most people in IT are not learning they are optimizing, maintaining and protecting. So you have to understand when viewing most comments and information on the internet that you have a different goal (learning) than most of the IT industry.<p>Almost all the most useful ideas that I learned about managing a server, I learned due to an experience. Opposed to just reading about it on serverfault or superuser :)
The Ubuntu Server Guide is an awesome resource if you happen to be running Ubuntu on your server. It's got exactly the right recipes ready for cut 'n' paste.<p><a href="https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/serverguide/C/index.html" rel="nofollow">https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/serverguide/C/index.html</a>
I am also very interested in this. I need a JRuby hosting solution and there are not very many out there. Plus I would like to learn how to run my own server.<p>prgmr.com is out of space though. Does anyone know of anything else like this out there?
I don't have any specific advice for learning but if you're having some trouble researching a specific topic or you have a difficult question drop by #slicehost on irc.freenode.net and ask your question. Someone should be along within an hour, usually faster. (IRC can take some time to get answers, I drop by a few hours a day to read what's happened while I was busy with real life)
Get some books on Unix admin. Nemeth et al's "Unix System Administration Handbook", and its Linux version are usually a good start. The most recent edition is coming out in 17 days: <a href="http://amzn.com/0131480057" rel="nofollow">http://amzn.com/0131480057</a><p>You will also need a bunch of O'Reilly books.
I run my servers on Linode. I've set up test servers on my desktop with virtualbox. I have a wiki in which I keep track over everything I do and how install/remove software. Read lot's of books and articles on the net. Get a ServerFault account to ask questions.
Depends on what you want to do with it. It might be useful to install webmin or virtualmin. Both can help you do the things you already know more conveniently, and both can expose you to some configuration options you didn't know existed.
I second this... <a href="http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1482244" rel="nofollow">http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1482244</a><p>also, google is your friend for knowing what but often not why.