"Bugs are prevalent in both young and mature file systems."<p>"Over time, the number of bugs does not diminish, but rather remains a constant in a file system’s lifetime."<p>"We observed that similar mistakes recur, both within a single file system and across different file systems. "<p>Essentially a completely different approach to file system development is necessary to produce something more reliable. But there is no market for it and no right people to do it. And I have doubts such people can even exist, because it requires both understanding reliability well enough to have a decent approach, but not well enough to be blind to many risks and think pursuing such project is even a good idea. So kernel file systems are sort of always written by people who should not be writing file systems.<p>Anyway, relying on the lower layer was never a good idea to begin with.