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The Unparalleled Genius of John von Neumann

636 pointsby jorgenveisdalover 5 years ago

38 comments

lqetover 5 years ago
&quot;Von Neumann would carry on a conversation with my 3-year-old son, and the two of them would talk as equals, and I sometimes wondered if he used the same principle when he talked to the rest of us.&quot; - Edward Teller<p>See [0] for a demonstration.<p>I watched a documentary from the 80ies a long time ago. A mathematician (can&#x27;t remember his name) who worked with von Neumann in Los Alamanos was interviewed. He described von Neumann&#x27;s last weeks in the hospital - the cancer had already metastasized into his brain. The mathematician said something along this lines (I am citing from memory): &quot;von Neumann was constantly visited by colleagues, who wanted to discuss their latest work with him. He tried to keep up, struggling, like in old times. But he couldn&#x27;t. Try to imagine having one of the greatest minds maybe in the history of mankind. And then try to imagine losing this gift. I was terrible. I have never seen a man experience greater suffering.&quot;<p>Marina von Neumann (his daughter) later wrote this about his final weeks:<p>&quot;After only a few minutes, my father made what seemed to be a very peculiar and frightening request from a man who was widely regarded as one of the greatest - if not the greatest - mathematician of the 20th century. He wanted me to give him two numbers, like 7 and 6 or 10 and 3, and ask him to tell me their sum. For as long as I can remember, I had always known that my father&#x27;s major source of self-regard, what he felt to be the very essence of his being, was his incredible mental capacity. In this late stage of his illness, he must have been aware that this capacity was deteriorating rapidly, and the panic that caused was worse than any physical pain. In demanding that I test him on these elementary sums, he was seeking reassurance that at least a small fragment of this intellectual powers remained.&quot; [1]<p>[0] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.youtube.com&#x2F;watch?v=vLbllFHBQM4" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.youtube.com&#x2F;watch?v=vLbllFHBQM4</a><p>[1] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.amazon.com&#x2F;Martians-Daughter-Memoir-Marina-Whitman&#x2F;dp&#x2F;0472118420" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.amazon.com&#x2F;Martians-Daughter-Memoir-Marina-Whitm...</a>
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mikorymover 5 years ago
<i>In an answer to the question of why there is no evidence of intelligent life beyond earth despite the high probability of it existing, Szilárd responded: &quot;They are already here among us – they just call themselves Hungarians.&quot;</i> [1]<p>[1] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;The_Martians_(scientists)" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;The_Martians_(scientists)</a>
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chxover 5 years ago
&gt; In 1945, von Neumann proposed a description for a computer architecture now known as the von Neumann architecture,<p>Do note that he proposed a description but it wasn&#x27;t his idea. <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;First_Draft_of_a_Report_on_the_EDVAC#Controversy" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;First_Draft_of_a_Report_on_the...</a><p>&gt; some on the EDVAC design team contended that the stored-program concept had evolved out of meetings at the University of Pennsylvania&#x27;s Moore School of Electrical Engineering predating von Neumann&#x27;s activity as a consultant there, and that much of the work represented in the First Draft was no more than a translation of the discussed concepts into the language of formal logic in which von Neumann was fluent.
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keiferskiover 5 years ago
Can anyone recommend readings on von Neumann that highlight his non-mathematical achievements? Obviously he was primarily a physicist and mathematician, but for a non-mathematician, the long list of academic publications is hard to interpret and appreciate. For example, more in the vein of these:<p>- <i>Reportedly, von Neumann possessed an eidetic memory, and so was able to recall complete novels and pages of the phone directory on command. This enabled him to accumulate an almost encyclopedic knowledge of what ever he read, such as the history of the Peloponnesian Wars, the Trial Joan of Arc and Byzantine history (Leonard, 2010). A Princeton professor of the latter topic once stated that by the time he was in his thirties, Johnny had greater expertise in Byzantine history than he did (Blair, 1957).</i><p>- <i>...conversing in Ancient Greek at age six...</i><p>- <i>On his deathbed, he reportedly entertained his brother by reciting the first few lines of each page from Goethe’s Faust, word-for-word, by heart (Blair, 1957).</i>
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calhoun137over 5 years ago
I am so happy to see this article about Von Neumann on HN!!! I have been posting about him on here for years, and have read all his books, but not as many of his papers as I would like, they are really hard! I have been working for many years now on continuing his theories of weather control technology and self-replicating machines. He is my absolute personal hero and the scientist who, far above all others, I consider to be the one in whose footsteps I want to follow.
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dr_dshivover 5 years ago
Von Neumann invented a novel paradigm for computing using harmonic integration of analog oscillations. The patent was granted after his death.<p>While there were a few prototypes in the 50s, the transistor killed it. A fully functional version of this computational architecture has never been built, to my knowledge:<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;patents.google.com&#x2F;patent&#x2F;US2815488A&#x2F;en" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;patents.google.com&#x2F;patent&#x2F;US2815488A&#x2F;en</a>
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ubertakterover 5 years ago
Pretty good article. Can&#x27;t wait to read other, less sensational articles recommended here.<p>One particular error in the article stood out to me: the Trinity test site is in White Sands, New Mexico, not Nevada. This was immediately noticeable because I&#x27;ve been to the Trinity site.<p>Von Neumann probes pop up in sci-fi. One of my favorite uses of them is in the Bobiverse books: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.goodreads.com&#x2F;book&#x2F;show&#x2F;32109569-we-are-legion?from_search=true&amp;qid=rikQuF7074&amp;rank=1" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.goodreads.com&#x2F;book&#x2F;show&#x2F;32109569-we-are-legion?f...</a>
yannis7over 5 years ago
von Neumann, Oppenheimer, Bohr, Einstein, Rutherford, Turing, Teller, Szilard, Wigner, Meitner... the list goes on... -- how did that time produce so many people of colossal intellect? War certainly can&#x27;t be the primary factor, given that many of them were brilliant&#x2F;productive even before WWI
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n_tover 5 years ago
You might like &quot;Prisoner&#x27;s Dilemma: John von Neumann, Game Theory, and the Puzzle of the Bomb&quot; (<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.amazon.com&#x2F;Prisoners-Dilemma-Neumann-Theory-Puzzle&#x2F;dp&#x2F;038541580X" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.amazon.com&#x2F;Prisoners-Dilemma-Neumann-Theory-Puzz...</a>)
rocaover 5 years ago
Awww, I was hoping they&#x27;d mention how Neumann was keen on launching a preemptive nuclear strike against the USSR.
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danieltillettover 5 years ago
I have always wondered how close von Neumann was to the maximum human potential. Does he sit close the outer edge of possible human potential, or can greater geniuses be created? Is there anyone alive who even comes close to Johnny?
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ironymanover 5 years ago
I&#x27;ve recently been engrossed by the question of how geniuses and highly intelligent people think. There&#x27;s bits and pieces of information online. What I&#x27;d really like to see, though, is (a) geniuses describe their thought process and (b) a smart person voicing is interior monologue while attacking a problem.<p>1) Do you know of any information like this? Link?<p>2) Otherwise: do you think in a way that&#x27;s different (better) than the average person?
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rmp33over 5 years ago
A question to mathematicians: what does your mind look like when you prove a theorem?<p>There is a comment here, saying that many hard theorems require one to build a complex branch of math and use it to prove a single statement. So I asked myself: what does it really look like to prove a theorem at such level?<p>I can tell what&#x27;s going on in a programmer&#x27;s mind. Software is very much like an imaginary mechanism and software engineers are mechanics. For example, this site is a database connected with a html page, so a programmer literally imagines a big gray building that means the database, another building that means the html page and a pipe that connects them. The database has a few tables: one for user accounts, another for posts like this, another for comments. So a programmer imagines 3 big blocks inside that building that are connected with pipes transferring data. Next to the database there is a controller device that sends and receives messages in the pipe connecting it to the users. This analogy continues to tiny things like classes, methods and variables. The entire HN forum looks like a big multi-dimensional city-like structure with numerous pipes connecting pieces together. Experienced programmers not only organize this city well, but can also predict and eliminate complexity, e.g. they know that if you put that kind of building over there, others will inevitable connect to it tens of pipes and the entire city will be a mess, where you see a pipe and have no idea what it connects to and what will happen if you cut it.
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mikorymover 5 years ago
&gt; Needless to say, von Neumann‘s main contributions to the atomic bomb would not be as a lieutenant in the reserve of the ordnance department, but rather in the concept and design of the explosive lenses that were needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki.<p>What are the equations that govern an atomic bomb? I don&#x27;t want to say that I am asking for a friend... &#x2F;s<p>I assume that by now the relevant equations would be well known anyway?
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j7akeover 5 years ago
Nice article. Are there any good biographies of John von Neumann that are highly recommended?<p>EDIT: found it at the end of the article<p>&quot; For anyone interested in learning more about the life and work of John von Neumann, I especially recommend his friend Stanislaw Ulam’s 1958 essay John von Neumann 1903–1957 in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 64 (3) pp 1–49 and the book John von Neumann by Norman Macrae (1992). &quot;
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hi41over 5 years ago
I am curious to know. Why does the Jewish community have a disproportionately large number of extremely intelligent people as evidenced by the number of Nobel laureates and other great intellectuals?
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hyperpalliumover 5 years ago
&gt; Young man, in mathematics you don&#x27;t understand things. You just get used to them.
undebuggableover 5 years ago
Interesting anecdote from from the biography of Stanisław Ulam, a close friend of von Neumann. Von Neumann was apparently fascinated by the history of the ancient Greece which he learned by reading Thucydides and Herodotus. Once he was talking with Stan about the Siege of Melos[1] and how violent the human nature can be when driven by pride and ambition set to pursue a certain goal. That were late 30s and catastrophes like Lidice[2] and countless others on the soil which today are Poland and Belarus were soon to happen.<p>[1] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Siege_of_Melos" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Siege_of_Melos</a><p>[2] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Lidice_massacre" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Lidice_massacre</a>
artur_maklyover 5 years ago
“Johnny built, at the Institute for Advanced Study, an experimental elec- tronic calculator, popularly known as the joniac, which eventually became the pilot model for similar machines all over the country. Some of the basic prin- ciples developed in the joniac are used even today in the fastest and most modern calculators. To design the machine, Johnny and his co-workers tried to imitate some of the known operations of the live brain. This is the aspect which led him to study neurology, to seek out men in the fields of neurology and psychiatry, to attend many meetings on these subjects, and, eventu- ally, to give lectures to such groups on the possibilities of copying an extremely simplified model of the living brain for man-made machines. ”<p>From his book - “The Computer and The Brain”<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;ia800800.us.archive.org&#x2F;4&#x2F;items&#x2F;TheComputerAndTheBrain&#x2F;The%20Computer%20and%20The%20Brain_text.pdf" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;ia800800.us.archive.org&#x2F;4&#x2F;items&#x2F;TheComputerAndTheBra...</a>
fahrixdsover 5 years ago
Can anyone recommend readings on von Neumann that highlight his non-mathematical achievements? Obviously he was primarily a physicist and mathematician, but for a non-mathematician, the long list of academic publications is hard to interpret and appreciate. For example, more in the vein of these: - Reportedly, von Neumann possessed an eidetic memory, and so was able to recall complete novels and pages of the phone directory on command. This enabled him to accumulate an almost encyclopedic knowledge of what ever he read, such as the history of the Peloponnesian Wars, the Trial Joan of Arc and Byzantine history (Leonard, 2010). A Princeton professor of the latter topic once stated that by the time he was in his thirties, Johnny had greater expertise in Byzantine history than he did (Blair, 1957).<p>- ...conversing in Ancient Greek at age six...<p>- On his deathbed, he reportedly entertained his brother by reciting the first few lines of each page from Goethe’s Faust, word-for-word, by heart (Blair, 1957).
pfdietzover 5 years ago
That excerpt from Goedel&#x27;s letter leaves out the most interesting part: he talks about what is essentially the P=NP problem!
signa11over 5 years ago
i always find it quite strange that for some reason, norbert weiner, is generally excluded from such paeans...
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yannis7over 5 years ago
there&#x27;s a lazy sensationalist style on that article that I find off-putting -- the relevant Wikipedia page is more sober and actually (or because of that) makes you more in awe of the man in question.
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biolurker1over 5 years ago
Wouldn&#x27;t einstein qualify as the most intelligent human ever lived?
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okareamanover 5 years ago
I think moderators should mark articles behind paywalls as such, I already don&#x27;t click on wapo or nytimes links but you never can tell with medium. I&#x27;m retired on a fixed income and I can&#x27;t justify in my budget subscribing to these places. It makes me sad when I can&#x27;t read an article that might otherwise fascinate me. One solution would be to never click on medium links, but then I&#x27;d miss the ones that are free.
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neop1xover 5 years ago
I have a feeling that modern society doesn&#x27;t motivate scientistis and mathematicians enough. It&#x27;s easier and better-paid to do some marketing, big data or game industry job. Tech startups are raising millions to develop remotely controlled lightbulbs or multiplier AR chess games and schools are lowering requirements for students to pass as politicians want to show the increasing number of graduates.
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artur_maklyover 5 years ago
Hans Bethe explains in astounding articulate detail how John guided their final Atom Bomb design : <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;youtu.be&#x2F;Y2jiQXI6nrE?t=33m34s" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;youtu.be&#x2F;Y2jiQXI6nrE?t=33m34s</a>
clickokover 5 years ago
Von Neumann is something of a hero of mine, in part because of how he demonstrates (by example) that you can achieve surpassing insight by patiently applying logic and analysis to whatever problem is at hand. But also because he shows that you didn&#x27;t have to be narrowly focused in your area of competence, you could pursue other interests and even excel in those, even if they aren&#x27;t the things that you&#x27;re known for.<p>He really liked history, particularly European history. There&#x27;s some examples of this in his letters[0], but my favorite von Neumann story on this topic is how he managed to deduce the answer to a literary magazine&#x27;s poetry trivia question when queried by his brother. They would both be teenagers at the time, and the magazine was in English, as opposed to their native martian, yet John got the solution at once.<p>Paraphrasing from here[1], although his brother&#x27;s limited run biography&#x2F;reminiscences has the story too.<p>The prize contest had the lines<p><pre><code> They know this well my baron and my men Gascony, England, Normandy, Poitou That I had never follower so low Whom I would leave in prison to my gain I say this not as a reproach to them But prisoner I am </code></pre> John replied immediately: &quot;Richard Coeur de Lion&quot;.<p>&quot;Did you know the poem?&quot;<p>&quot;No.&quot;<p>&quot;Then how did you identify the poet?&quot;<p>&quot;Very simple&quot; he said. &quot;Gascony, England, Normandy, and Poitou were in one feudal hand only once during the early Plantagenets, and from there it was quite easy to associate with Richard&#x27;s crusades and European captivity. But of course this is a translation, since quite obviously the early Plantagenets spoke Norman-Midieval French.&quot;<p>His brother then goes on to state: I found out much later that the translation was that of Henry Adams, and the <i>Prison Song</i> is only one of Richard&#x27;s most perfect poems, usually referred to as gems of English literature!<p>---<p>0. One to his daughter springs to mind, where he expresses fatherly concern about her getting married during her undergrad-- he&#x27;s worried that she&#x27;s too young and this will derail her career. After that&#x27;s addressed, he then moves on to talking about one of her term papers, and proceeds to suggest an insightful take on-- I believe, I haven&#x27;t read the letters in a decade-- some medieval French bishop. The juxtaposition of concerned father plus European historian in a man more known for axioms and automata was jarring.<p>1. &quot;The Legacy of John Von Neumann&quot; from the American Mathematical Society, <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;books.google.ca&#x2F;books?id=XBK-r0gS0YMC&amp;dq" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;books.google.ca&#x2F;books?id=XBK-r0gS0YMC&amp;dq</a> (see pg. 22-23)
archeantusover 5 years ago
It must have been so much harder to be brilliant back then. Now we Just have Google for everything. Imagine what these guys could have accomplished with the computing power&#x2F;tools of today.
tim333over 5 years ago
He was also the originator of the term singularity in the accelerating progress of technology sense. Interesting to see how that one pans out.
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billfruitover 5 years ago
Was his work in quantum mechanics Nobel-worthy? If so he&#x27;d be on the list of greats not to receive the prize.
csbartusover 5 years ago
just one thought: everybody reading these words is reading it on a von Neumann architecture computer
auditionover 5 years ago
von Neumann was very anti-Soviet in his political views, yet he worked with (and was co-inventor on a nuclear bomb patent) with fellow nuclear weapons scientist Klaus Fuchs. Fuchs was a spy who passed von Neumann&#x27;s classified work on to the Soviets. Despite his evident genius in so many areas, von Neumann apparently failed to discern the motivations of his colleague.
hootbootscootover 5 years ago
The title contains a lovely pun.
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tehjokerover 5 years ago
Was hoping for a parallel computing joke. :(
hagapover 5 years ago
Love it!
HNLurker2over 5 years ago
tl;dr he is Turing&#x27;s cooler uncle and his Wikipedia page (wow comparable to Bertrand Russell)
sunstoneover 5 years ago
So, kind of like Walter Pitts but born with a silver spoon in his mouth rather than being abandoned to the streets of Chicago.