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A belief in meritocracy is not only false: it’s bad for you

70 pointsby plessthanpt05almost 5 years ago

23 comments

recursivedoubtsalmost 5 years ago
Once again we are presented with a false dichotomy: either embrace meritocracy wholesale or reject it entirely.<p>Despite the authors best attempts, the truth peeks out in the article: merit is often a necessary, but not sufficient cause for success. Not sufficient, particularly, for extraordinary success.<p>By embracing the healing power of &quot;and&quot; over the divisive and thought-killing &quot;or&quot;, we can achieve a better understanding of reality. Yes, successful people usually merit their success. Yes, luck also plays a large part in it, especially as the scale of that success grows. Both of these facts should be given proper account as we morally reason about things.
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ianbutleralmost 5 years ago
This article is misleading they gloss over the key point that makes it such, &quot;Most people don’t just think the world should be run meritocratically, they think it is meritocratic.&quot;<p>Specifically the part after the comma after meritocratically.<p>That is a false belief, because the world is not meritocratically run. This leads to all subsequent false beliefs and issues of entitlement and selfishness the article discusses.<p>However, a belief the world <i>should</i> be run meritocratically does not necessarily have the same issues and, personally, we should strive to &quot;even the playing field&quot; and make it more so.<p>The writer should have chosen a better title such as &quot;A belief that the world is currently meritocratically run is bad for you&quot;, but I bet it would get less clicks because frankly, no shit.
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vorpalhexalmost 5 years ago
Bad citations in this article.<p>Original article:<p>&gt; Talent and the capacity for determined effort, sometimes called ‘grit’, depend a great deal on one’s genetic endowments and upbringing.<p>Linked article (on &#x27;depend&#x27;) has the following conclusion which explicitly disagrees with this claim:<p>&gt; Our results based on 584 effect sizes from 88 independent samples representing 66,807 individuals indicate that the higher order structure of grit is not confirmed, that grit is only moderately correlated with performance and retention, and that grit is very strongly correlated with conscientiousness. We also find that the perseverance of effort facet has significantly stronger criterion validities than the consistency of interest facet and that perseverance of effort explains variance in academic performance even after controlling for conscientiousness. In aggregate our results suggest that interventions designed to enhance grit may only have weak effects on performance and success, that the construct validity of grit is in question, and that the primary utility of the grit construct may lie in the perseverance facet.<p>Further, the logic here is unsound:<p>&gt; According to Frank, this is especially true where the success in question is great, and where the context in which it is achieved is competitive. There are certainly programmers nearly as skilful as Gates who nonetheless failed to become the richest person on Earth. In competitive contexts, many have merit, but few succeed. What separates the two is luck.<p>The author asserts Gates was successful because he was a good programmer, and that therefore other good programmers should have equal success. Yet most people understand Gates is not an amazing programmer but rather has his strengths in understanding business. Microsoft did well because of business positioning in a new and rapidly evolving field, not because they were a revolutionary future codebase.
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HuShifangalmost 5 years ago
It&#x27;s fair and fine to critique the implementations of &quot;meritocracy&quot; that we see in the world, and also to critique the inflationary aspects of how it&#x27;s usually articulated (e.g., person X is good at taking calculated financial risks that result in lots of money, therefore that person is &quot;good&quot; and should possess political power and authority).<p>But the sort of rhetoric presented here risks throwing out the baby with the bathwater. If you attack also the noble parts of the meritocratic ideal -- impartial, universalist fairness -- what&#x27;s to stop you from winding up with what amounts to a caste system wherein unfair a priori privileges go unexamined and treated as merely &quot;the way things are&quot;? (Which, historically, is the norm for human societies?)<p>Far better to reconstruct meritocracy, or replace it with a new iteration, that 1) provides genuine, unfettered opportunity to all individuals <i>at all stages of life</i> (so, for instance, one can obtain education, however defined, at any age) and 2) grants only domain-specific authority, without making false generalizations about aptitude (e.g. someone who&#x27;s good at X isn&#x27;t sloppily regarded as having some sort of a priori genius that also makes them good at Y and Z).
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tompalmost 5 years ago
This article tries to make a moral point by (ab)using intellectually dishonest arguments.<p>It blatantly attempts to confuse meritocracy as a <i>value</i> &#x2F; <i>goal</i> and as <i>state</i> &#x2F; <i>belief</i>. Replace &quot;meritocracy&quot; by &quot;freedom&quot; or &quot;equality&quot; or &quot;justice&quot; or &quot;safe driving&quot; - it&#x27;s a constant struggle, a distant goal that we&#x27;re continuously falling short of, and obviously the belief that we&#x27;ve achieved that goal results in less effort expanded towards it and falling more behind. That&#x27;s not a <i>paradox</i>, it&#x27;s just <i>logic</i>.<p><i>&gt; the belief that merit rather than luck determines success or failure in the world is demonstrably false.</i><p>False dichotomy; why not both?<p><i>&gt; In the UK, 84 per cent of respondents to the 2009 British Social Attitudes survey stated that hard work is either ‘essential’ or ‘very important’ when it comes to getting ahead</i><p>Again, why not both? How many successful people are there that <i>didn&#x27;t</i> work hard? But yeah, obviously you need to be lucky, you won&#x27;t achieve much if you die at 5 from malaria.<p><i>&gt; They found that, in companies that explicitly held meritocracy as a core value, managers assigned greater rewards to male employees over female employees with identical performance evaluations</i><p>That&#x27;s not a failure of meritocracy, it&#x27;s a failure of a specific policy used to implement meritocracy. Managers &#x2F; police &#x2F; judges &#x2F; assassins are not impartial? Implement policies that enforce more impartiality (in this study&#x27;s case, if you have a statistical benchmark to compare &quot;performance evaluations&quot; of different employees and contrast them with managers&#x27; appraisals, why not use that statistics <i>itself</i> to dole out rewards?)
mindvirusalmost 5 years ago
I wasn&#x27;t a big fan of the article, it feels too nihilistic.<p>I do agree that recognizing extrinsic vs. intrinsic factors in success is important for empathy and to help others - i.e. looking at work given your circumstances not just work - but it felt like it ended without making a conclusion. Is it asking us all to become fatalists? And does that somehow make for a more empathetic and just society? I feel like it wouldn&#x27;t - if we believe that none of us are in control at all, why do anything to help others? And doesn&#x27;t a belief in meritocratic ideals mean that we should be going out of our way to remove barriers? For example, I found this article[1] that talked about income mobility in different countries.<p>An interesting question it made me think of though: in separating luck versus grit, what is your prior?<p>For example, we&#x27;d probably all agree one is lucky to be born in a wealthy country, and that if you are you have inherent advantages. And that the circumstances you are born to are pure luck.<p>If growing up you had strict family (lucky or unlucky depending) that forced you to have good study habits, and you did well in school in a large part because of those habits, which in turn opened up other opportunities - is that luck or grit?<p>If I stumble across a good mentor, then go out of my way to learn from their teachings is that luck or grit?<p>If I&#x27;m starting a company, and I make 100 cold calls to find my first customer - do we attribute that to luck or grit?<p>If through exercise, genetic luck and healthy eating I&#x27;m able to stay healthy throughout my life, is that luck or grit?<p>[1] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.weforum.org&#x2F;agenda&#x2F;2018&#x2F;08&#x2F;moving-up-the-income-ladder-takes-generations-how-many-depends-on-where-you-live&#x2F;" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.weforum.org&#x2F;agenda&#x2F;2018&#x2F;08&#x2F;moving-up-the-income-...</a>
ve55almost 5 years ago
Perhaps these authors should suggest some sort of alternative, if they wish to convince people that meritocracy is not only not the case, but is actively harmful. Else it seems no ideal is truly being put fourth, only talking down at the status quo. How would they prefer things worked instead?
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mathattackalmost 5 years ago
Oh the irony of this coming from Princeton! They accept a third of alumni children compared to 5.5% of everyone else. Is this meritocracy or luck?<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.dailyprincetonian.com&#x2F;article&#x2F;2020&#x2F;06&#x2F;princeton-admissions-legacy-athletics-recruitment-testing-waitlist" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.dailyprincetonian.com&#x2F;article&#x2F;2020&#x2F;06&#x2F;princeton-...</a>
kepler1almost 5 years ago
I don&#x27;t think people should either deceive themselves about the existence of or the downsides of attempting to follow pure meritocracy. Nor should they ignore people who have been disadvantaged.<p>But when we create a system for recognizing &#x2F; rewarding &#x2F; incentivizing achievement, with rules that are not unreasonable, people want others to follow the rules that have been created! Not creating hole after hole in a system to fix things that are not the direct fault of the system.<p>Social beings want rules and structure to know how to interact and what to expect from each other, and the systems in which they live. You will produce unexpected bad side effects when you keep shifting people&#x27;s expectations about what seemed to be a reasonable system, that people lived their lives by.<p>Otherwise, let the picking and choosing of who your favorite beneficiary (today) of semi-meritocracy is continue.
fchualmost 5 years ago
The article makes very nuanced points that don&#x27;t transpire in the title, and thus get straw manned in the comments. Here are the salient points:<p>- The article says nothing against creating a fairer world (aka equality of opportunity)<p>- Many believe that the world is meritocratic, which is not the case as there are many cofounding factors (plenty of which we don&#x27;t have control over) that get in the way of finding a causation between hard work and outcome.<p>- The paradox of meritocracy: believing you acts meritocratically results in less fair outcomes.<p>- Being grateful to the impact of luck makes you more generous and fair.<p>- Meritocracy can be used as a justification of our own success and self-worth, so in this situation any criticism of meritocracy can be perceived as an insult and threat to what we have and are
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ca_parodyalmost 5 years ago
I am sympathetic to the practical issues &amp; biases at play when discussing the systems we often call meritocracies; especially when those systems result in anti-meritocratic behavior.<p>However, what is the reader supposed to come away with here as an alternative? Equality of outcome? Should it really be that any given combination of work ethic, dedication, novelty, and a bit of luck will not land you above the mean? I personally am all for improving meritocracies so they live up to the name, but abolishing them due to their implementation failures seems silly and more importantly, the alternatives are dangerous.
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tengbretsonalmost 5 years ago
&gt; Luck exists – checkmate people that value hard work!<p>Yawn.
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sradmanalmost 5 years ago
&gt; There are certainly programmers nearly as skilful as Gates who nonetheless failed to become the richest person on Earth. In competitive contexts, many have merit, but few succeed. What separates the two is luck.<p>I think Marc Andreessen addressed this when he asked whether team, product, or market was the secret to success. He concluded that product-market fit was key. Bill Gates found product-market fit several times; luck it was not.<p>Perhaps &quot;market meritocracy&quot; is a better way of framing the question.
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djrobstepalmost 5 years ago
The two main problems I have with the concept of &quot;meritocracy&quot; are:<p>Incoherent&#x2F;circular definition: Nobody can actually tell you what merit really is in a specific way, so we end up just measuring it by existing social status. &quot;This guy made it into Harvard Business School and to F500 CEO, he must have a lot of merit&quot;. But maybe he got into Harvard because his rich parents were donors and then leveraged those connections for his CEO job, no merit involved. This thing that is meant to determine social status is measured by social status itself and is thus useless.<p>Meritocracy doesn&#x27;t fairness or justice or compassion or dignity: Imagine a society which is one big ongoing gladiatorial tournament, meritocracy is defined purely in terms of combat. This would be a very meritocratic society - but would also be a very brutal, unpleasant, and unequal one. If meritocracy can still result in all of those things, what use is it really?
qnttyalmost 5 years ago
Focusing on who &quot;wins&quot; and who &quot;loses&quot; and what role luck plays has an important ideological function. It makes it seem like the outcomes of the game are unquestionable.<p>Like, of course it&#x27;s reasonable that we&#x27;re playing a game that determined who gets healthcare and who doesn&#x27;t; or who gets access to quality education and who doesn&#x27;t; or who must spend their days being humiliated by the institutions that they depend on for survival and who doesn&#x27;t. That&#x27;s unquestionable. The only question to answer is who should win and who should lose.<p>Not that a certain kind of &quot;fairness&quot; to the game isn&#x27;t desirable if we&#x27;re going to play it anyway, but if you can&#x27;t bring yourself to ask if the whole game is fundamentally flawed to begin with, you&#x27;ve already given up on the kind of fairness that really matters.
cameldrvalmost 5 years ago
Many people in the thread seem to be talking past each other, I think because a meritocracy has different presumed purposes.<p>Purpose #1 is to make society more fair, in that in principle anyone can rise to the top, and you&#x27;re not held back by your position of birth as in an aristocracy. Even in a true meritocracy though, you may still be held back by innate talent or upbringing.<p>Purpose #2 is to make society run better. This happens in two ways: More able people are selected for more responsible positions, so that hopefully decisions with more impact are made by more qualified people. Secondly, people have an incentive to try to become more qualified so that they can occupy these more responsible positions.
xondonoalmost 5 years ago
A lot of comments here point out to some of the more obvious flaws of the article.<p>To me what shocks me the most is that there isn’t even any discussion on “what is success”. The author apparently measures success just by net worth, which I can’t avoid but feel sad for him&#x2F;her.
DenisMalmost 5 years ago
It&#x27;s very important to have this conversation out in the open - contempt for meritocracy is a persistent undercurrent of the social strife in the west, and left unattended it will derail most efforts to improve our society.
mytailorisrichalmost 5 years ago
Believing that the system is meritocratic is not the same as believing that it <i>should</i> be meritocratic.<p>Meritocracy is the fairest system for individuals. Achieving it is an endless struggle.
PeterStueralmost 5 years ago
Oh my, this required some digging.<p>The article relies on an experiment that basically presented a gender stacked (70% male, 30% female) panel of MBA students with hypotetical company with a set of hypothetical &quot;core values&quot; and then looked at how these influenced managerial bonus allocation decisions.<p>They test three sets of &quot;core values&quot;, A,B and C (see below). They labeled A as &quot;meritocratic values&quot; and B and C as &quot;non meritocratic. They find there is a male bias under A, a female bias under B and no bias under C.<p>They then conclude their pre-assumed hypothesis, that meritocratic values (A) favors males, is valid. When they stumble upon as strong a female bias in their &quot;non-meritocratic&quot; value set (B), they they decide it might be down to wording and look for a wording to make that disappear (C) They never try to do a similar rewording of (A).<p>They never seem to see how they are fishing for the desired outcome, never consider alternative explanations (people that are prompted they &quot;earned&quot; their position tend to look for similar traits in subordinates) etc.<p>The conclusion we can draw is MBA students seem to be potentially influenced by the wording of value statements in hypothetical reward games.<p>As promised, here are the 3 hypotetical &quot;core value&quot; sets as worded:<p>Set A: labeled &quot;meritocratic&quot;<p>(1) &quot;All employees are to be rewarded fairly&quot;;<p>(2) &quot;whether employees deserve a raise is determined by their performance&quot;;<p>(3) &quot;raises and bonuses are based entirely on the performance of the employee&quot;;<p>(4) &quot;promotions are given to employees when their performance shows that they deserve it&quot;;<p>(5) &quot;ServiceOne&#x27;s goal is to reward all employees equitably every year.<p>Set B: labeled &quot;non-meritocratic&quot;<p>(1) &quot;All employees are to be evaluated regularly&quot;;<p>(2) &quot;whether an employee deserves a raise is determined by their manager&quot;;<p>(3) &quot;raises and bonuses are to be given based on the discretion of the manager&quot;;<p>(4) &quot;promotions are to be given to employees when their manager decides that they deserve it&quot;;<p>(5) &quot;ServiceOne&#x27;s goal is to evaluate all employees every year<p>Set C: labeled &quot;non meritocratic&quot;<p>(1) &quot;All employees are to be evaluated regularly&quot;;<p>(2) &quot;performance evaluation forms include a quantitative as well as qualitative component about the employee&#x27;s performance&quot;;<p>(3) &quot;performance evaluations are part of the employee&#x27;s official personnel file&quot;;<p>(4) &quot;performance evaluations are discussed with each employee every year&quot;<p>(5) &quot;ServiceOne&#x27;s goal is to evaluate all employees every year
julianeonalmost 5 years ago
&quot;The world is a meritocracy&quot; is a bit of a straw man, because who really believes in the Platonic ideal of a meritocracy?<p>The steel-plated version would be a recognizable descendant of the Middle Ages: as the king is annointed by God, our leaders are too, in direct proportion to their merit. So Donald Trump would be 1,000 times more meritorious than the average person, as confirmed by his net worth.<p>No one believes this nonsense.<p>What happens is, individual <i>companies</i> believe they are meritocratic - not the world at large, which they rightfully recognize as beyond their control.<p>The problem here is that you can use the meritocratic argument against the meritocracies cited in the article.<p>&gt; They found that, in companies that explicitly held meritocracy as a core value, managers assigned greater rewards to male employees over female employees with identical performance evaluations.<p>Well... in a meritocracy, your performance evaluation <i>is</i> your merit. They should be interchangeable; there should be no discrepancy between them. Ideally if my performance evaluation is 1.5 times better than yours, consistently, my salary should be too.<p>I think it&#x27;s fine to drop the language around &#x27;meritocracy&#x27; and just reduce it to incentives: the equivalent of working at a factory, where someone who makes 2x as many widgets makes 2x as much money. Basically these are this department&#x27;s goals and the people who hit them, based on these markers, make more.<p>Now I know there are different ways to measure that. I know bias can creep in. But, c&#x27;mon: if we both make the same number of widgets as measured by performance evaluation, there is no reason for me to make more than you based on my gender, which is the differentiating factor here and deeply anti-meritocratic, after all.<p>So if you drop the (apparently, empirically, problematic) meritocratic language, but keep the merit-based indicators and - this is crucial! - stick to them, it seems like you can resolve the issue.
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rydrealmost 5 years ago
Why do so many people aspire for meritocracy everywhere? Imagine if there really was meritocracy in the political system. All we would have is someone who would pander to the local population and eventually lean to be xenophobic as a process.<p>This is why in politics, candidates have to be controlled and sometimes not allowed to participate even if their opinions would be much more popular. Sometimes more intelligent people have to control how the political process works for the greater good even if it is undemocratic.<p>Free for all will <i>always</i> eventually lead to someone like Hitler. Being more tribal is an easier but regressive path to chose for humans, and humans always chose the path of least resistance, not the optimal global maxima.
WellDuhalmost 5 years ago
Can someone &quot;on the left&quot; please shed some light on how they reconcile the following three beliefs?<p><pre><code> 1. Jobs should be handed out on merit. 2. Protected class X has been educationally disadvantaged. 3. Representation of class X in the workplace must match their representation in the society. </code></pre> It would seem that one out of three has to be given up, and meritocracy is an obvious choice, as the article suggests.