It depends on the place. The leaders of Saudi Arabia have tried to keep the country in a state of suspended animation since they seem pretty terrified that they’ll lose power if people get educated and civil society develops alternative power structures.<p>For that matter I am right now reading a very good book about the Communist Party under Mao, and the fact is that Mao was rightfully afraid of being deposed and that’s why he had the Cultural Revolution. The aristocrats of the <i>Ancien Regime</i> in France didn’t seem that afraid of being deposed but with hindsight they should have been. People can be very powerful and still be afraid of losing power, and they frequently are.<p>A major reason why antisemitism was such a problem circa 1940 was that “elites” in Europe long thought you were a somebody if you owned a lot of agricultural land but if you were a doctor or a lawyer or a businessman you were a nobody. Well, jews didn’t think that way and became powerful and a whole lot of nobles found they weren’t so noble anymore and were mad about it.