Macchiarini conducted research on human subjects without MoH ethical approval. 2011 and 2014, Macchiarini implanted artificial windpipes in at least eight patients in Sweden, the United States, and Russia. All but one died following severe complications with the implants. (The patient who survived had the implant removed.)<p>The most outrageous part of his fraud is his colleagues who attempted to be whistleblowers when they noticed adverse outcomes from Macciarini were silenced and retaliated against by the Karolinska Institute.<p><a href="https://retractionwatch.com/2017/03/24/three-tough-years-macchiarini-whistleblower-cleared-previous-charges/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://retractionwatch.com/2017/03/24/three-tough-years-mac...</a>