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Why is science behind a paywall?

310 pointsby twogabout 12 years ago

27 comments

kanzureabout 12 years ago
I am a little upset that all of our "space enthusiasts" (including me) didn't have backups of the content from NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server). NTRS is now back online after going down due to political pressures weeks ago, except 85% of the content is now missing. Taking NTRS down removed something like a whole 2% of <i>science</i> from the public record, plus the majority of everything we know about becoming a space-faring civilization. Gone.<p>That is unacceptable.<p>What's worse is that what happened to NTRS could happen to basically everything else in science. There's no complete backup and no mirrors. JSTOR has only a fraction of science; and even if Mendelsevier or SpringerKink were to go the way of the dinosaur, we wouldn't be able to get content out of JSTOR anyway, so it's useless in the first place. Heck, there's no lab in the world that has complete access to all of the papers out there. Science is all kinds of broken.<p>We need to get way more serious about science.<p><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/science-liberation-front" rel="nofollow">https://groups.google.com/group/science-liberation-front</a>
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notahackerabout 12 years ago
I think it's a little unfair to imply the academic publishing model had anything to do with the Reinhart-Rogoff debacle. Their paper was supported by the non-profit NBER who publish it in open access form (the AER version is downloadable from Rogoff's website too) and was never peer-reviewed. The authors shared the dataset with the first person to question the results.<p>If anything it's a reminder that people are cautious about challenging empirical work by academics of sufficient standing even if it's universally available, has significant, controversial implications and is widely cited by high-profile nonacademics. Open access alone doesn't seem to affect that.
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irollboozersabout 12 years ago
This is such a beautifully and elegantly done analysis. The economics (and particularly in this article, the history) of science is such an untouched gem as a fascinating topic. I am so freaking excited to see this post as #1 on HN.<p>One thing folks don't usually mention when talking about science proliferation is that academic and scientific papers served for 100's of years as the only source of science communication. Over time, journals really fit their format as the best way for scientists to communicate - with eachother. However, if you were a layman outside the field, academic papers were not the best way consume science because they were ultimately meant for the colleague in the next city or town over.<p>The implications I'd like to think are pretty big. Now that science can be freed from this old paper format intended for other scientists, here's hoping that the science content shared in the digital age changes as well. The best possible outcome is actual science content for the masses. The worst, photo filters for gel images (I kid).
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jakub_gabout 12 years ago
&#62; In April 2012, the <i>Harvard Library</i> published a letter stating that their subscriptions to academic journals were “financially untenable.” Due to price increases as high as 145% over the past 6 years, the library said that it would soon be forced to cut back on subscriptions.<p>Now think what happens in countries not that rich as USA. Worse, this is a self-sustaining process. A friend of mine is doing PhD and the university rules are "collect points of vanish". One collects points for publishing in journals: ~10 for minor/local journal, ~20 for known one and ~30-40 for major worldwide-famous journal. If you don't have enough points, i.e. not enough publications or not enough prestigious, they throw you off (the fact that this additionally gives incentives to publish-often instead publish-well is yet another story).
specialpabout 12 years ago
I actually work as a developer for non-profit society. I agree that having paywalls around content is bad and prevents the dissemination and access to fundamental knowledge. We generate most of our operational revenue through journal subscriptions. I know from working here that it does indeed cost a fair amount of money to provide both the IT and editorial support for peer review and archiving/presenting the data forever.<p>We are trying to get authors to embrace an open access model where they pay a fee of $1500 or so to make their paper Creative Commons licensed and free to read for all. I do think there is a value for peer review and it is harder than commonly thought because science is so specialized these days.<p>An area which I think is woefully underserved is the science press. In our journals, I can barely understand anything published as it requires specialist knowledge in small areas of study. Just reading papers does not really keep someone knowledgable about anything but their very specialized sub domain. Peer review in itself is nice but it is important to provide accessibility to what is going on in science via non specialist explanations of published works.<p>So I agree that the model of paywalling a bunch of PDFs is horribly broken, and should be disrupted. I think scholarly publishing in general can really benefit from something like a one time fee to publish your paper and make it accessible to all not only in regards to paywalls, but in regards to the material being accessible to non specialists.
ysapirabout 12 years ago
Quality control is essential. I have an interest in linguistics. But on the internet, some of the linguistics arguments are ridiculous. There are websites that claim that English (and all world languages) are descendant from Turkish. It is rubbish. In all types of subjects you find people with these pet theories, and they can be very prolific, putting their opinion on wikipedia or wikia or wherever, on websites, in discussions, and there can even be a following. In software, you can tell rubbish. It compiles or it does not. It has a lot of bug requests or it does not. This does not map to science. You can't run a scientific article through a compiler to tell if it is good or bad. You can't tell if a new physics theory is reputable or some science fiction. A theory may be 10 years old, and the professor who wrote it unable to respond to all the queries, "bug requests," but it is still valuable. And a prolific pseudo-science author may have little "bug requests" because no one reputable who knows something about the subject has any time to deal with his nonsense. Without effective quality control, there will be no science. The article had no real solution to the problem.
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drorweissabout 12 years ago
I doubt if change can come from the existing system and institutions.<p>Wikipedia did not grow from Britannica.<p>OpenSource did not grow from commercial software.<p>YouTube did not grow from Hollywood or commercial TV.
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mtgxabout 12 years ago
For the same reason the idea of "standing on the shoulders of giants" is not accepted in the world of copyright today anymore - corporate greed.
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tjpdabout 12 years ago
Good article. One issue that often isn't highlighted enough is the role that funding bodies play. They are complicit in maintaining publishers pricing power &#38; market share.<p>Many funding bodies aim to fund the "best" research. How they define "best" is through scientometrics (essentially bibliometrics or page rank for scientific articles) - scientists &#38; the sciences are funded in part on how cited the researcher or the research is. Scientists therefore have a real economic incentive to ensure their work is published in the most popular or prestigious journals as these are the most widely cited. The funding bodies could dismantle the scientific publishing market by awarding grants based on the accessibility of the research rather than the prestige of the journal.
skylan_qabout 12 years ago
We need to continue providing non-forgiveable gov't loans to students so that they can continue funneling $8000/year into their schools while also taxing them and their parents to give grants to profs on tenure so that publishers can conceal these publicly-funded works of research from us.
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hiharryhereabout 12 years ago
Discussed this with my Dad (a doctor) who offered this up. It's a post by a researcher discussing a petition to boycott Elsevier<p><a href="http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2012/02/27/5824/" rel="nofollow">http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2012/02/27/582...</a><p>This bit sticks out:<p>"Libraries have been facing increasing costs because of these bundling practices and the problem is worse in the developing world. I have had emails from people in Africa and some parts of Asia asking for a copy of an article because their universities have had to cut costs. According to my publishing agreement I would be breaking the law to send it to them – this sticks in my throat, especially after my recent visit to Vietnam."
sherwinabout 12 years ago
The says that a big barrier to adopting 'open source science' is the prestige that comes with publishing in heavy weight, closed journals. It then draws the comparison to software, and why open source software is quite successful:<p>&#62; Addressing this issue, Toni references the open spirit amongst coders working on open-source software. “There’s no reward system right now for open science. Scientists’ careers don’t benefit from it. But in software, everyone wants to see your GitHub account.”<p>This got me thinking. First, I think a large reason a lot of people (read: people in my bubble, mostly students / recent CS grads) use GitHub is precisely because of the prestige. I'd say the people who use GitHub without ever contributing to an open repo vastly outnumbers the people who do contribute. Instead, many people start using GitHub as a way to show-off their own projects -- the whole "GitHub as my resume" idea. But as more people do so, having a GitHub becomes a standard, and you get a positive feedback loop.<p>Second, how could we shift the status quo for science to associating prestige in an open system? I'm not familiar with the history of open source software, but I wonder if there are any parallels from how OSS grew that we could apply to science publishing.<p>Finally, there's a big systemic difference between doing collaborative science and writing open source software I can think of: the barrier to entry to software is much lower. A lot of hobbyist programmers contribute to open source projects (or at least have a GitHub account, which feeds more attention / prestige to the ecosystem), whereas it's pretty hard to contribute to science without both a graduate education and (in many fields) expensive equipment.
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n00b101about 12 years ago
I think they should have said more about the trust and quality control issues with journals (especially Elsevier, which has hundreds of obscure journals). I'm just a layperson ... but in my brief experience working with academic researchers during my undergrad days (specifically in the area of data mining / machine learning), I was surprised to learn that they did not trust research simply because it was published in a journal - they only trusted people who they knew, people they could speak with through informal channels to get honest opinions from. In data mining, the pattern of most papers is "here is a new mash-up of algorithms A, B and C, with modifications X and Y, and here are some prediction accuracy benchmarks that prove the supposed usefulness of our supposedly new method." Needless to say, the actual code and test data sets are rarely ever shared. I recall coming across an outrageous number of data mining papers, appearing in Elsevier journals, which claimed to be able to predict stock markets (!!!), written by people who did not have any real understanding of finance and I guess did not understand how unlikely it really is to find predictive patterns in liquid, financial markets.<p>Another thing missing from this discussion is the style in which scientific papers are written. Invariably, published scientific papers are unhelpfully dense and terse, difficult to understand, full of needlessly obfuscated mathematical notation, and in general they are severely lacking in clarity. There is a stark contrast in the style of these formal papers and the style in which real research is actually shared and understood - through talks, presentations, teaching, textbooks, consultations, etc, where you have some hope of efficiently comprehending what the author is trying to present. I suspect that this obfuscation in papers is driven by the publishers and referees who impose a specific rigid style, combined with the researchers themselves who think that the less comprehensible their papers are to a wide audience, the smarter and more credible they will appear to be on the surface.<p>Another problem is that one can often identify small groups of researchers who publish papers on the same topic and cite each others and their own papers, but nobody outside of their little bubble cites their research. I think that this phenomenon is due to a combination of the aforementioned lack of trust, lack of academic honestly, lack of transparency and deliberate lack of clarity.<p>One idea that I had is that the Internet could be used to create public networks of trust, so that researchers can identify other researchers as trusted authorities on specific topics. Academic communities have these implicit networks of trust already, but to an outsider it is very difficult to figure out who the leading innovators are on some obscure topic. A trust network, combined with citation data, could provide a graph that could serve as a useful tool for research as well as a kind of "GitHub" for researchers to increase their prestige and positions.<p>Another tool for escaping the publishing doldrums is standard benchmarks. In data mining and machine learning, for example, there are some standard data sets and performance measurements, so that anyone who claims to come up with a better statistical predictor can test their theory against the existing data sets and compare results against other approaches. There are also similar performance benchmarks for database query performance, in computer science. I think that there should be more of these.<p>The real difficulty with all of this is incentivization, as the article points out. I think it goes beyond the issue of for-profit publishing companies and funders. I suspect that there is a large contingent of researchers who are secretly "hacks" and they don't WANT the bright spotlight of transparency to shown onto them, because they would be exposed and would not be able to sustain academic careers and tenures built on publishing worthless papers in obscure journals for "bubble communities." One example of a bubble community is "Fuzzy Logic," which has proven to be intellectually unsound and logically inconsistent, but which continues to fuel academic publishing careers, facilitated by companies like Elsevier who maintain obscure, wacky journals with a for-profit motive. I think the article is entirely appropriate in describing academic publishing as "fraud-lite." Personally, I was permanently turned off from the idea of an academic career after seeing "how the sausage is made" and seeing how worthless and suspect so many published papers are.
nellabout 12 years ago
Pricenomics has been writing some interesting data analysis pieces for sometime now. Kudos!! Keep'em coming.<p>Are there any other blogs like that?
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unabridgedabout 12 years ago
The best way to eliminate pay journals is to start lobbying public/nonprofit grant providers to require all research done to published in open journals, similar to what the NSF is doing right now. Pressure can also be put on the state governments to make public universities require publishing in open journals.
readmeabout 12 years ago
So, what's the alternative to paying for science? We fund it either out of philanthropy, or taxes. I think we know we can't fund all of the world's scientific endeavors on philanthropy alone.<p>This is where things get a bit selfish: everyone likes science. Everyone benefits from it. But, to what extent do we make the subsidization of scientific efforts compulsory?<p>Some people just want to live their life and die happy. Not everyone wants to pay for mars rovers. At this point, I expect a bunch of science lovers to get emotional and downvote my post.<p>If you can't fully fund science out of philanthropy, then it will be behind a paywall. Who'd have thought you need to pay for some of the most valuable information on the Earth? Wow.<p>People will pay for a half-assed book on PHP, but if you want to sell a journal on astrophysics the internet gets all riled up about it.
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natejenkinsabout 12 years ago
We (<a href="https://www.authorea.com" rel="nofollow">https://www.authorea.com</a>) are trying to be a small part of the solution. The question becomes "How do you incentivize researchers to publish in open science/open data journals?"<p>Giving the possibility of a modern article (only works in chrome for the moment but check out <a href="https://www.authorea.com/users/1/articles/1345/_show_article" rel="nofollow">https://www.authorea.com/users/1/articles/1345/_show_article</a> for an example) is one way. Making collaboration easier is another.<p>Until the incentives are in place researchers will continue to try and boost their careers by publishing in the most highly regarded journals, open or not.<p>EDIT: fixed link
s0rceabout 12 years ago
I think the most effective solution so far is the NIH public access policy, <a href="http://publicaccess.nih.gov/" rel="nofollow">http://publicaccess.nih.gov/</a>. For all NIH funded work the authors have to release the paper. What happens is the Scientists get to publish in high-impact closed-access journals, like Nature/Science and then the pre-press manuscript is made available open access. I'm not sure what would happen to the closed-access journal business model if more federal science funding agencies went this way but I assume everyone would read the free version.
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jokoonabout 12 years ago
I wonder why it was the soviets who launched the first satellite, and not the americans.<p>I don't want to troll, but I'm wondering why this did not happened in the US, and instead in a communist country.
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ccdanabout 12 years ago
Not much of a surprise. There's way, way too much not only useless research but totally wrong research (bad data, close to zero use of the scientific method, reliance on fallacies like correlation = causation and so on) Rigor in science must increase and fund should be directed to serious, experimental research based on the scientific method.
crazy1vanabout 12 years ago
Dear science journals,<p>Glad I could continue to fund your now-obsolete business.<p>Sincerely, The Taxpayers
darxiusabout 12 years ago
Let me go on a tangent here and say that this is a fantastically written article. I'm continuously impressed with the quality of material coming out of the Priceonomics blog.
mpr3about 12 years ago
A temp way around this is to enrol in a university for one credit, and then drop out shortly after. You'll have full access while you're an official student.
homosaurabout 12 years ago
Spoiler: corruption.
yekkoabout 12 years ago
Because it's no longer science. It's corruption.
MatthewPhillipsabout 12 years ago
Simple, science is not a commodity.
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youngerdryasabout 12 years ago
If pirate bay was really interested in justice they would take up this cause.
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