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An Aspiring Scientist’s Frustration with Modern-Day Academia

211 pointsby madover 11 years ago

33 comments

timrover 11 years ago
It&#x27;s kind of hard to get through this, not because the points ring untrue (I agree with many), but because they seem a bit naive.<p>I think there&#x27;s a certain type of person that is particularly attracted to advanced work in science and technology -- the systems purist, who believes strongly that the world &quot;should&quot; work in mostly objective ways. This is a strength in that the world doesn&#x27;t change very much without these idealists pushing for their vision, but it&#x27;s also a horrible weakness because these sorts of people don&#x27;t tend to internalize that any project among groups of humans is going to be messy and inefficient and frustratingly subjective. The successful people adapt, and learn to bend the messy ecosystem to their will. The others...don&#x27;t (they do things like writing dramatic, self-important missives about how the system is failing them, and cc it to the entire department. ahem.)<p>If you make it all the way to the end of a PhD program and you haven&#x27;t realized that it&#x27;s mostly about how to make steady, measurable progress in a messy, complicated, political world, you haven&#x27;t yet reached the end of the process.
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gajomiover 11 years ago
Can someone please change `wity&#x27; to `with&#x27; in the title?<p>This critique is well written and was interesting for me to read, having just finished my PhD a few months ago. I can relate to a number of the issues he raised. However, I must take issue with his point (8). While I think it certainly is important to make sure that academics contribute back to larger society in some capacity, I think it is a bit premature to conclude that this means turning the focus towards more applied work. There are simply too many examples of basic research with seemingly no value to anything of practical interest that turn out to be very value in industry and medicine some years down the road to dismiss incubation of purely theoretical work offhand. I think this fact is more or less appreciated by society at large, and they are very happy to support Edward Witten and Terry Tao and so forth, with the understanding that it is a long term investment with some large expected return. Of course these return have long tails, so most results will be useless, but that is beside the point if you are interested in total returns.<p>EDIT: typos
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auggieroseover 11 years ago
I have worked at EPFL for a short time as as post-doc, and it really is a great school. Its Ph.D. students are excellent, and so what he says has to be taken seriously.<p>Personally, I have come to the conclusion that much of how Academia works today is inevitable. How many people are truly excellent in any job? Always only a small percentage. Let&#x27;s say that in Academia the percentage is especially high, as high as 20%. What are the other 80% supposed to do? They have to represent something that they are not, because people outside of Academia must believe that 100% of Academia are excellent (otherwise they would revolt where all their tax money goes). Everything bad in Academia follows from this.
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belochover 11 years ago
This student makes some excellent points, and it&#x27;s a bit scary how some things reinforce each other.<p>Some journals, Nature being the most notable, chase impact factor above all else. The only thing they truly care about is that the papers they publish get cited. This means highly original work, which frequently doesn&#x27;t get cited much for a long time, is less desirable than a turn-the-crank paper from a respected name.<p>Researchers have been taught to prize Nature publications (thanks to the same flawed metric of merit) and spend a disproportionate amount of time submitting papers to Nature. When you write a paper you choose your target journal, and writing for Nature means you need to avoid rocking the boat too much, because they receive so many submissions that one minor criticism from a referee will torpedo your paper, even if that criticism is demonstrably wrong. Sometimes invalid criticisms are made by referees who are jealous, threatened, or merely lazy, but the editor has so many other submissions to deal with that he&#x2F;she won&#x27;t take the time to evaluate and understand the referee recommendations. Real science invites debate, but Nature&#x27;s editors run screaming from it.<p>Why do researchers care so much about playing this game if it compromises their writing and even their research? Even a tenured prof needs to hustle for funding if he wants to do more than teach and sit in his office. PI&#x27;s are salesmen even more than they&#x27;re managers! The very language itself is twisted at the core when applying for grants. The average researcher or project must be superlative in every way on paper or no money is going to come. You can&#x27;t say you&#x27;re doing something out of pure curiosity and the chances of it spawning another silicon valley are remote. It has to be imminently commercializable with potential for massive, revolutionary impact! Honesty will destroy you. If every research proposal delivered what it promised the World would be one giant Palo Alto. We would all be better off if some better way to allocate resources were found, but that&#x27;s no easy task!<p>As for the PhD student... There is more than meets the eye here. You don&#x27;t walk away from 4 years of work in the last month without reason. Perhaps his thesis is a hopeless mess. Perhaps his relationship with his supervisor is hostile. Perhaps he&#x27;s mentally ill. The last few months are ridiculously stressful after all! It&#x27;s also very possible he or she is a lot more than one month from finishing. Hopefully there are people who care about this person and will help him&#x2F;her get back on track and finish. The game is flawed, but the best way to ensure nobody wins is to refuse to play it.
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irollboozersover 11 years ago
3 out of 6 of Microryza&#x27;s current team are graduate school dropouts. Technically, you could add 1.5 more (Ethan Perlstein left academia, I never started), so 4.5 out of 6.<p>We&#x27;ve all been there. I think you have to either be purposely oblivious or one of the extremely lucky ones blessed with a true research environment, but it is impossible for the new generation of scientists to not see the writing on the wall. Every single student is suffering from the symptoms, yet very few are doing things to change it.<p>One note, echoing the original author - for myself personally, the letters &#x27;PhD&#x27; no longer carry the same meaning anymore. If anything, it&#x27;s become an additional signal that you once bought into a system that is selling you short. I still respect those who have PhD&#x27;s, but only for what it once meant, not for what it means now.
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chuckkirover 11 years ago
I have my PhD, and this is the standard angst that many aspiring students face. There&#x27;s a reason we have the term &quot;ABD&quot; for All But Dissertation. If he got that far into grad school without realizing that a Professor is an entrepreneur - hiring employees (grad students) to produce his product (knowledge) which he sells to customers (government and industry) through sales and marketing (conferences and papers) - then he was just naïve or kept the blinders on. My solution was to graduate and go into industry.
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rhythmvsover 11 years ago
The author of the letter has earned at least a doctorate honoris causa. (S)he is a true civis reipublicae litterarum.<p>Universities as we dream them, like Humboldt did, are alas a relic of the 19th century. They’re a lost romantic desire, like the inspiring anecdote (regardless of its historical truth) of a student Niels Bohr and a professor Ernest Rutherford debating over truth as equals.<p>Universities as we know them since the 1960s evolved into cash-burning bureaucracies. Soon, academia may evolve again — open sourced learning, who knows?<p>Until the age of enlightenment the bigger part of scientific endeavors was done by dilettanti, unpaid, un-institutionalized “hobbyists” and other philosophes. We will return to those days — perhaps, and need be, at the expense of “democratic access” to learning.<p>But the ideal of a community of intellectuals devoted to truth and science will live on in the honest hearts of young scientists (and self-employed hackers). Kudos to the courageous heart of that young PhD-student for reminding the academic managerial caste of our ideal!
rayinerover 11 years ago
I wonder why we impart onto young people such an idealism about science only to have to crush it when they get older and must be informed that science, like everything else, is a business.
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cossatotover 11 years ago
I sympathize a lot with the frustration here and can agree on some of the points (especially the rankings&#x2F;h-index&#x2F;etc mania), however...<p>Much of what is bemoaned here is simply a consequence of the fact that science is done by humans and generally costs money, so there is a necessary component of business-type activities (networking, fundraising, marketing, management). Scientists also have human qualities such as egos, desire for money, power, respect and the rest. Why should we be different, or held to a higher standard?<p>Additionally, it&#x27;s really hard to do original research. First off, really original good ideas are hard to come by; this problem is also not restricted to science or scientists. Then when new ideas come, they are often difficult or impossible to translate into scientific output, because of other constraints, such as lacking good enough data to test hypotheses. And then they typically fail, despite being great ideas. Really good, original, CORRECT ideas are far more rare.<p>Furthermore, science would be much worse off if researchers worked like the author would prefer. If everyone spent 10 years without publishing, working on a completely original problem, there is zero replication. Additionally, if the experiment or approach fails, as they usually do, little is left. So do you publish negative results, and then move on to the next decade&#x27;s problem?<p>Instead, it&#x27;s better that the system works the way it does. People do &#x27;bandwagon research&#x27;, which really is replication. They take the same idea, and apply somewhat different methods, or different datasets, or whatever. And they publish this as often as they can get away with.<p>Then, one can look at the aggregate body of work and evaluate the ideas and methods better. There is more redundancy in the system, and because the papers are smaller, the setbacks are much smaller in the case of failure, and there is a paper trail (so to speak) marking progress along the way. These smaller, more digestible, incremental papers are also more useful to other researchers, who may only be interested in a small part of the work--the methods, or some of the data, or whatever. It would slow everyone down if the only publications were these giant monographs that came out once or twice a decade.<p>It may feel like people are only working on small, unoriginal ideas because many papers look like this, but it&#x27;s really important to zoom out and see how things fit together. Science is basically a Monte Carlo simulation, and having lots and lots of small and fast iterations covers the space much more efficiently.
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jostmeyover 11 years ago
Real scientific progress does not happen overnight. It takes years of hard work. Sadly, modern day scientist are expected to constantly produce amazing results or face losing funding. And what do you think happens?
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samspencover 11 years ago
Having been in grad school for a while, I can totally relate on using grants to churn out papers and egos running research.<p>Want to slightly disagree with this though: &quot;Apart from feeling the gross unfairness of the whole thing – the students, who do the real work, are paid&#x2F;rewarded amazingly little, while those who manage it, however superficially, are paid&#x2F;rewarded amazingly much – the PhD student is often left wondering if they are only doing science now so that they may themselves manage later. The worst is when a PhD who wants to stay in academia accepts this and begins to play on the other side of the table.&quot;<p>The same thing happens in industry, except that you&#x27;re paid more, and your work is directly relevant to the world you see (and not just a journal&#x2F;conference where it is never read again.)
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dnauticsover 11 years ago
I’m also going to suppose that in order to find truth, the basic prerequisite is that you, as a researcher, have to be brutally honest – first and foremost, with yourself and about the quality of your own work. Here one immediately encounters a contradiction, as such honesty appears to have a very minor role in many people’s agendas. Very quickly after your initiation in the academic world, you learn that being “too honest” about your work is a bad thing and that stating your research’s shortcomings “too openly” is a big faux pas. Instead, you are taught to “sell” your work, to worry about your “image”, and to be strategic in your vocabulary and where you use it.<p>contrast with the article and discussion at:<p><a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6353957" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=6353957</a>
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nickthemagicmanover 11 years ago
It&#x27;s interesting to think though, that government funding has produced nearly every single form of medicine we have, it funded einstein, it was indirectly responsible for the internet.<p>The problem is that you have to pay a bunch of parasites to support the few who are actually advancing the human race.
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ChristianMarksover 11 years ago
I would not dismiss the author&#x27;s complaints out of hand with the <i>ad hominem</i> remark that the author is burnt out. It may even be true, but the author&#x27;s points remain.<p>Academia has become a business, in which the priorities for research institutions are grants first, publications second and teaching a distant third. But this development does not imply that the way the university conducts business is optimal or desirable. (One sees this smug attitude in the comments in the form, &quot;academia is a business, get over it.&quot;)<p>Graduate students, postdocs and research staff are exploited. One can legitimately ask whether the institutionalized scientific method must necessarily exploit graduate students, postdocs and research staff to maintain standards of scientific rigor. Cannot the the university act as a gatekeeper without requiring inexpensive contingent laborers to subsidize faculty and administrator salaries? Why must limiting access to networks of scholars and scholarship involve such oppressive opportunity costs?
tsaxover 11 years ago
Seems to me (I&#x27;m no expert in science history) that most of the huge breakthroughs came before the age of Official Science, i.e. Science(TM) being run through bureaucratic grant administrations in publicly-funded research universities (or &#x27;private&#x27; ones with public money). Everything from the steam engine to Tesla&#x27;s heroics happened while tinkering and playing. Granted, the game may have changed due to external circumstances, but we may yet want to look at whether the huge budgets of these departments are justified JUST BECAUSE SCIENCEEE. Do we want to support a bureaucratic process called &#x27;Science&#x27; or actual production of interesting and&#x2F;or useful results about the world?
dnauticsover 11 years ago
I think that the critiques of academic science are spot-on, although I am not sure that I agree with some of his causes, for example that &quot;science is a business&quot;. A lot of the raw pettiness that happens in science would totally sink all but the largest businesses. I am not sure what the solution to the problem is, but of course, I&#x27;m launching a science nonprofit startup to try and do things without having to deal with as much of this silliness as I can get away with. I fully expect that if it should live past 30 years, my nonprofit will begin to succumb to the very things I established it to address.
dobbsbobover 11 years ago
They should have never let business schools into universities. This is the result, academia is now censored, for-profit, tepid corporatism. A factory of managers crushing creativity with the jackboot of workplace professionalism.
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pertinhowerover 11 years ago
A hate to trivialize a thoughtful article with a typographical point, but boy do I like my paragraph breaks when I can get them.
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randomsearchover 11 years ago
I think this student misunderstood what a PhD is about. They sound disenchanted with the reality of doing a PhD.<p>The purpose of a PhD is to provide <i>training</i> in how to do research; most PhD students do not change the world or even make a large contribution to a research area - that&#x27;s not the point. There are standard texts about PhDs that explain this, and most supervisors recommend students read a few of those books at the beginning of their PhD.<p>As someone who has worked in both academic and industry, I can assure you that academia has not literally become a business, that academics still have great freedom, and that almost every academic I have ever met works hard and is motivated primarily by the goal of doing great work.<p>Contrary to the article, most significant research is not done by PhD students - hardly surprising - it is done by Research Associates and Research Fellows, under the supervision of professors and lecturers. That&#x27;s in the UK at least, and job titles vary in other countries.<p>I find the anti-academia slant in tech circles to be quite strange. Many people think academia is &quot;out of touch&quot;, but there is a lot of collaborative work between academia and industry, involving nearly all the large tech companies. I&#x27;ve never heard academics in Computer Science expressing any animosity towards those working in industry. It&#x27;s strange, because academia has historically been and continues to be incredibly important in the tech industry; I&#x27;d like to see more collaboration and less of a schism.
Createover 11 years ago
In my three years of operation, I have unfortunately witnessed cases where CERN duties and educational training became contradictory and even conflicting. This has particularly been the case when the requirements of the CERN supervisor conflict with the expected time dedicated to a doctoral student’s thesis. Some students would become hostages, torn between their CERN supervisor and their thesis advisor, usually located in his&#x2F;her remote Institute. This is a very uncomfortable situation for students, which can even endanger his&#x2F;her thesis.<p><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2013/27/News%20Articles/1557868" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cds.cern.ch&#x2F;journal&#x2F;CERNBulletin&#x2F;2013&#x2F;27&#x2F;News%20Arti...</a><p>armies of graduate students and postdocs to do the nuts and bolts work, Asaadi says. That&#x27;s fine, he says, so long as everybody understands the situation from the beginning. &quot;When you&#x27;re starting graduate school, is your advisor telling you, &#x27;Look, you get this great skill set that will be transferable to other things outside of academic physics&#x27;?&quot; Asaadi says. &quot;Or are you being told, &#x27;Just work hard and there will be something or other [in physics] in the end&#x27;? It seems like it&#x27;s more of the latter.&quot; He adds, &quot;This is where we got some pushback from advisors—it was seen as whining.&quot;<p><a href="http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2013_08_29/caredit.a1300185" rel="nofollow">http:&#x2F;&#x2F;sciencecareers.sciencemag.org&#x2F;career_magazine&#x2F;previou...</a><p>&quot;How should we make it attractive for them [young people] to spend [their prime, most productive first] 5,6,7 years in our field, be satisfied, learn about excitement, but finally be qualified to find other possibilities?&quot; -- H. Schopper
ssivarkover 11 years ago
I would like to point to Dijkstra&#x27;s excellent article (The strengths of academic enterprise) -- <a href="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD11xx/EWD1175.html" rel="nofollow">http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.cs.utexas.edu&#x2F;users&#x2F;EWD&#x2F;transcriptions&#x2F;EWD11xx&#x2F;EW...</a><p>The OP talks about a bunch of problems in academia, may of which stem from an attempt to run universities like corporations. In his article, Edsger Dijkstra explains why that&#x27;s not a good idea.<p>PS: If you&#x27;d like to discuss this, I just submitted this article at <a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6358342" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=6358342</a>
xerophtyeover 11 years ago
Just a thought but aren&#x27;t Hackers way better at the whole pushing the boundaries of knowledge thing? I mean Is there any community more collaborative and co-operative and down right generous as ours? Tons of amazing people around the globe make tons of amazing stuff and a lot of them just open source it. By doing so they open the floor for debate, for improvement, for guidance to others to learn from it and to advance upon it.<p>Not to mention sites like stack-overflow where the entire community helps each other with tons of problems no matter how trivial or how complicated.<p>The whole world really could learn alot from us
jleyankover 11 years ago
In an admittedly fast read of the parent article, I don&#x27;t recall seeing what field the PhD was in. FWIW, in chemistry, there is a very large difference in starting salary, job requirements and career potential between PhD and non-PhD. This is true in academia as well as industry. Non-PhD&#x27;s tend to be technicians, pairs of hands, or sales. PhD&#x27;s tend to be researchers and have a far better chance of going into middle management.<p>Is it relevant? Not sure any more given the loss of jobs to Asia and when the worker crosses 40. But it&#x27;s been this way for as long as I&#x27;ve been aware.
ballardover 11 years ago
It is sad to see promising (usually young) people dazzled by the myth of an ivory tower in the sky.<p>Most of academia simply sets fire to money. The more given to one bureaucracy, the bigger the flame. Fusion research (DOE). Or in this case, not. It would be rather nice to see Skunk Works and or Polywell reach Q &gt; 1, it would be one of the greatest engineering feats ever.<p>Also there needs to be some support for communities of art and philosophy, where those may get by better.<p>Finally, all profit or all conjecture makes Jane a dull girl. (Jack was out sick today.)
maxanderover 11 years ago
If universities have simply become huge, bureaucratic, grant-obsessed sweatshops exploiting grad students whose churned-out PhDs don&#x27;t promise them decent careers... why don&#x27;t people hire some of those poor excess PhDs&#x2F;PhD-dropouts and put together a grant-obsessed research startup?<p>Beat research universities at their own game, and perhaps they&#x27;ll go back to being true universities.
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tsaxover 11 years ago
Similar thoughts : <a href="http://unqualified-reservations.blogspot.com/2007/07/my-navrozov-moments.html" rel="nofollow">http:&#x2F;&#x2F;unqualified-reservations.blogspot.com&#x2F;2007&#x2F;07&#x2F;my-navr...</a><p>CTRL+F for &quot;computer science&quot; and start reading from there. Till then it&#x27;s filler.
mturmonover 11 years ago
&quot;The art world got smaller, once more a somewhat parochial little world known mostly to its initiates. You can suffocate in these little worlds if you get them confused with the real world, so the smaller they are, as far as I&#x27;m concerned, the less confusion they generate.&quot;<p>--Gary Indiana
jimmhayover 11 years ago
High-level scientific journals, when it comes down to it, really aren&#x27;t that different from gossip magazines or HuffPo. Yes, worthier subject matter for sure, but in the end their judgements on publishing come down to virality and eyeballs.
frozenportover 11 years ago
There is another issue: People who are studying a PhD often work alone and develop interpersonal connections. Certainly the damange to mental and physical health are irreversible.
junktestover 11 years ago
Sad reality-check - Genome Technology magazine March 2011 cover story page 38 &quot;The Crowd of PhDs - ...whether they will have somewhere to go&quot;
hoilogoiover 11 years ago
I&#x27;d be interested to get a sense of how these issues vary from country to country and field to field.
singingfishover 11 years ago
I agree. (source: at similar stage of PhD to original author. Trying to get to the end myself though).
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daemonkover 11 years ago
Academia is run like a business by people with no business or management experience.