Claude Shannon 1948, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication"
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Commun...</a><p>This paper kickstarted the concept of information theory, and was hugely influential on many fields of research. Signal-to-noise ratio, the bit, information entropy, etc. are all theories and concepts presented by Shannon.
The papers published on the Google File System (GFS) and Map Reduce are still some of my all time favorite papers. It gives really good inside into how GFS/Map Reduce was built, but explains it in a very straight forward way. We actually implemented an in memory version of GFS/MapReduce in my graduate operating systems class. It remains as one of my favorite projects I've ever done.<p><a href="http://research.google.com/archive/gfs.html" rel="nofollow">http://research.google.com/archive/gfs.html</a><p><a href="http://research.google.com/archive/mapreduce.html" rel="nofollow">http://research.google.com/archive/mapreduce.html</a>
Einstein, Albert. "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies." Annalen der Physik 17.891 (1905): 50.<p><a href="http://ganapathymani.com/On%20the%20electrodymics%20of%20moving%20bodies.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://ganapathymani.com/On%20the%20electrodymics%20of%20mov...</a><p>This paper establishes special relativity, and is remarquable for how clear it is, revolutionizing physics while using only elementary math. The first "Kinematical" part in particular does not use anything more complex mathematically than Pythagorus theorem. It is so clear that the explanations and though experiments are reproduced in <i>all</i> textbooks to this day; the only change is that textbooks include diagrams.
"Sequences of numbers generated by addition in formal groups and new primality and factorization tests", by the Chudnovsky brothers [1].<p>This paper is incredibly ahead of its time. While elliptic curves in cryptography are usually attributed to Hendrik Lenstra for destructive purposes (ECM factorization), and Koblitz and Miller for constructive purposes in 1985, this paper contains almost everything relevant to <i>practical</i> curve-based cryptography long before everyone else. Highlights include:<p>- Hessian, Jacobian quartic, and Jacobian intersection curves, and derivation of respective fast addition and doubling formulas; they also comment on the value of unified addition formulas for simplicity.<p>- The "Montgomery" ladder for "x-only" Jacobian intersections: Peter Montgomery was directly influenced by this paper to produce his curves, and it is easy to see the resemblance.<p>- The idea of working in genus 2, and formulas for genus 2 Kummer surface doubling. Hyperelliptic curve cryptography was only later proposed by Koblitz in 1987. Almost 3 decades later, Kummer surfaces are now the fastest way to do scalar multiplication on beefy hardware.<p>[1] <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0196885886900230" rel="nofollow">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/01968858869...</a>
As an economics undergraduate, Paul Krugman's paper on <i>The Theory of Interstellar Trade</i> was a must read, exclusively for its light-heartedness:<p><a href="https://www.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/interstellar.pdf" rel="nofollow">https://www.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/interstellar.pdf</a><p>(12 pages, quick read)
William P. Thurston 1994, "On proof and progress in mathematics"<p>Gives a good amount of insight into how academia works for mathematics, and gives a good contrast with how CS works. Don't be scared by the abstract, it's a completely non-technical paper. The academic/research culture can be more important than the results.<p><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/math.HO/9404236" rel="nofollow">http://arxiv.org/abs/math.HO/9404236</a>
In the vain of generally appreciated papers, I really like "Whitesides' Group: Writing a Paper" by George Whitesides[0][1]. It gives a strategy for collaborating research based on using a paper as a living document. It seems like a lot of work, but it saves untold days in the long run. This is the first paper I give anyone I mentor.<p>There have been derivative works on giving presentations, that I also particularly like: Editorial: Effective Presentations—A Must. [2]<p>[0] In case you don't know of him: he is the most cited living chemist, or something to this effect<p>[1] <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200400767/abstract" rel="nofollow">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200400767/ab...</a><p>[2] <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201209795/abstract" rel="nofollow">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201209795/ab...</a>
Watson, James D., and Francis HC Crick. "Molecular structure of nucleic acids." Nature 171.4356 (1953): 737-738.<p><a href="http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/crick/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/crick/index.html</a><p>Partly because of the fundamental importance of the paper, elucidating the structure of DNA; partly for the wonderfully understated third to last paragraph: "It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material."
Stephen Jay Gould and Richard C. Lewontin, 1979 "The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme"<p>Some biologists may cringe (especially the Gould haters), but I don't think I've ever been so engrossed by any other scholarly paper. It is a joy to read. Very approachable for non-biologists. The papers critique of sloppy "just so" reasoning, could easily be extended to Data Scientists/Engineers/Entrepreneurs. Highly recommend!
"On Understanding Types, Data Abstraction, and Polymorphism" (Luca Cardelli, Peter Wegner) <a href="http://lucacardelli.name/papers/onunderstanding.a4.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://lucacardelli.name/papers/onunderstanding.a4.pdf</a><p>Very nice intro to type systems.<p>"A Language-based Approach to Unifying Events and Threads" (Peng Li, Steve Zdancewic) <a href="http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~stevez/papers/LZ06b.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~stevez/papers/LZ06b.pdf</a><p>For showing that if you have a sufficiently powerful programming language, the answer to the question "async events or multiple threads?" can be "the best of both worlds".<p>"The Private and Social Costs of Patent Trolls"
(James Bessen, Jennifer Ford, Michael Meurer)
<a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1930272" rel="nofollow">http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1930272</a><p>If you ever wondered exactly how much wealth is destroyed by the US patent system, this paper provides some educated guesstimates.
I'm not quite sure what's meant by "scholary papers", but I really enjoy(ed) Fielding's Ph.d thesis on "REST":<p><a href="http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm</a><p>Mostly because, it's not actually about just REST, but the way he derives REST as a reasonable approach to architect hypermedia/hypertext "applications" (In quotes, because, he's not really talking about "web apps" -- he mentions some other patterns that <i>do</i> describe "web apps" though).<p>I have the impression few people read and understood his paper, and run around with REST like others run around with MVC. Which brings us to:<p>Trygve M. H. Reenskaug's "MVC" (neé Model-View-Controller-User): <a href="http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~trygver/themes/mvc/mvc-index.html" rel="nofollow">http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~trygver/themes/mvc/mvc-index.html</a><p>and, newer, less known: "DCI - A new Role Based Paradigm for specifying collaborating objects":<p><a href="http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~trygver/themes/babyide/babyide-index.html" rel="nofollow">http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~trygver/themes/babyide/babyide-index...</a><p>I think that sums up the "papers" I generally refer back to, and find myself frustrated that so few people seem to have read and/or understood. Which leads to strange discussions and unhealthy re-inventions and "improvements".<p>Oh, I really enjoy some of the work of VPRI/Alan Kay -- but they've been rather thin on useful papers, as far as I can tell. I did enjoy a paper on Croquet's TeaTime protocol/world model -- but sadly I can't seem to find it... hang on, I think it might be this one here:<p>"Designing croquet's TeaTime: a real-time, temporal environment for active object cooperation":<p><a href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1094861" rel="nofollow">http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1094861</a><p>All less impressive than Shannon, Einstein, Knuth etc... but I really find those interesting.
I'm not going to mention a specific paper, but Papers We Love (<a href="https://github.com/papers-we-love/papers-we-love" rel="nofollow">https://github.com/papers-we-love/papers-we-love</a>) has some good stuff on it, and the meetups have always been interesting (at least for my local chapter).
Since someone already posted "Spandrels", I'll go with "How Not to be a Bioinformatician" by Manuel Corpas, Segun Fatumo, and Reinhard Schneider[0]. It's a humorous takedown of very common problems in Bioinformatics. I think the point comes across better when you say "if you do X, you are doing poorly" versus "don't do X if you want to do well". Plus, it's a little cathartic.<p>[0] <a href="http://www.scfbm.org/content/7/1/3" rel="nofollow">http://www.scfbm.org/content/7/1/3</a>
Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud
Computing<p><a href="http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28...</a><p>I've been attempting to write a paper on virtualization and other Cloud/datacenter machine managing software. This was one of the first papers I read in my Cloud Computing class, and I actually recently came back to it after becoming lost reading countless papers on more specific cloud research. It really clears up a lot of confusion on terminology regarding different forms of computing services and the challenges in the field. I wish I knew from the start how much more accurate the statements in this paper are compared to a lot of other content out there, and that I could have been warned about how misleading that other content would be due to authors trying to validate their own software creations.<p>Before I came back to it, I was playing with the thought that the cloud is really just corporatization of computing resources that only leaves the biggest players to survive because of profits, which really vibes with this paper. It really is just computing infrastructure as a utility and the idea is nothing new. There are several other papers out there that make the same points, but I appreciate this one for really nailing the practical terminology without any sort of vagueness. It's not surprising that it is such a highly referenced and popular paper.
"Suppose it is the 1890s. Artificial flight is the
glamor subject in science, engineering, and venture
capital circles." -Intelligence without representation by Rodney Brooks <a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/representation.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/representation.pdf</a><p>It's accessible, and it's a good intro to thinking about AI. The field oughta be called even more nifty algorithms.
Not tech related but...<p>Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care by Kenneth Arrow (1963) [1].<p>This paper effectively makes the case that medical care shouldn't be treated like other goods.<p>If you're remotely interested in health econ/health industry, I recommend reading it.<p>1. <a href="https://www.aeaweb.org/aer/top20/53.5.941-973.pdf" rel="nofollow">https://www.aeaweb.org/aer/top20/53.5.941-973.pdf</a>
<i>Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds (1993)</i><p><a href="http://rady.ucsd.edu/faculty/directory/valkanov/pub/classes/mfe/docs/fama_french_jfe_1993.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://rady.ucsd.edu/faculty/directory/valkanov/pub/classes/...</a><p>The foundation of the Three-Factor model, which shows how market returns can be very accurately described using exposure to market, small, and value factors (as well as term and default factors, primarily used for fixed income). The foundation of modern value investing.<p><i>A Stand-Alone, Split-Phase Current-Sourced Inverter With Novel Energy Storage</i><p><a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4682717&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4682717" rel="nofollow">http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=468271...</a><p>There's nothing particularly special about this paper except that it was accepted by IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics and I wrote it. :P
The Mundanity of Excellence: <a href="http://lillyfellows.org/Portals/0/Chambliss-Mundanity%20of%20Excellence.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://lillyfellows.org/Portals/0/Chambliss-Mundanity%20of%2...</a><p>A study of competitive swimmers and what separates the mediocre from the great, but widely applicable to many forms of excellence or greatness.
"The Letter S" by Donald E. Knuth. An entire paper on the typographical design of the letter S and variants based on type size and other attributes. An elegant paper on a single letter:<p><a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03023051#page-1" rel="nofollow">http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03023051#page-1</a>
Perhaps not quite what the OP had in mind, but I found the papers that affected my life the most were not in my chosen profession.<p><i>Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women</i>[1] and <i>Low-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism</i>[2]. After spending most of my life obese, even after having bariatric surgery to "correct" it, I found I had to dive into the science on my own to see past the charlatans and the demagogues. These two papers lit the way for me.<p>1. <a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=205916" rel="nofollow">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=205916</a><p>2. <a href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/86/2/276.full" rel="nofollow">http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/86/2/276.full</a>
Optimistic Replication - YASUSHI SAITO & MARC SHAPIRO, 2005
<a href="http://pagesperso-systeme.lip6.fr/Marc.Shapiro/papers/Optimistic_Replication_Computing_Surveys_2005-03_cameraready.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://pagesperso-systeme.lip6.fr/Marc.Shapiro/papers/Optimi...</a><p>Why: RPC and its ilk make a lousy model for mobile data, since mobile devices are only occasionally connected, not permanently. Similarly, in the face network and server failures, servers can be modeled as occasionally connected as well. The "replication" mindset is far more productive when dealing with those issues. The linked paper gives a broad overview of a great number of approaches to replication, and is a great way to get the lay of the land.
The cross section of expected returns.<p><a href="http://www.bengrahaminvesting.ca/Research/Papers/French/The_Cross-Section_of_Expected_Stock_Returns.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.bengrahaminvesting.ca/Research/Papers/French/The_...</a><p>It simultaneous disproves one notion of efficient markets, and shows how passive indexes can explain most so-called active management. (Much of VC outperformance is explained by the size factor, and much of private equity outperformance is explained by the value factor, both of which can be passively invested in)
Not tech related, but this paper on an urban movement in India: "Urban Upheaval in India: The 1974 Nav Nirman Riots in Gujarat"<p>It gives insight into the nexus between politics and student unions/student bodies in India. It reads more like a story than a scholarly article.<p><a href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2643482?uid=3739536&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21104695522261" rel="nofollow">http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2643482?uid=3739536&ui...</a>
"Can a biologist fix a radio?"<p><a href="http://www.protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v69/pdf/bcm_1403.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v69/pdf/bc...</a><p>Funny and inspirational, and shows how primitive a lot of biological research really is: Almost randomly try a bunch of things and take note of anything that has any effect. Lather, rinse, repeat.
'The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis', Alan Turing.<p>The last paper written by Alan Turing, "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis," [0] attempted to answer the theoretical explanation of the biological process that defines the shape of an embryonic organism from creation. This process is called "Morphogenesis". This is an important problem because complex organisms appear to be created by some "random" process that organises what appear to be self similar cells.<p>A lot of recent work has been done to experiment Turings ideas on "reaction-diffusion" processes describing morphogenesis in biology and other natural systems to see if a) they can be reproduced in the lab and b) mathematically model them. [1]<p>There is a pretty good broad outline of Turing and Morphogenesis in a BBC documentary, "The Secret Life of Chaos" [2] by Professor Jim Al-Khalili on Youtube. [3]<p>[0] Alan Turing, "THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF MORPHOGENESIS,
<a href="http://www.dna.caltech.edu/courses/cs191/paperscs191/turing.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.dna.caltech.edu/courses/cs191/paperscs191/turing....</a><p>[1] Brandon Keim, Wired, "Alan Turing’s Patterns in Nature, and Beyond"
<a href="http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/02/turing-patterns/?pid=9.." rel="nofollow">http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/02/turing-patterns/?p...</a>.<p>[2] Jim Al-Khalili, "The Secret Life of Chaos"
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00pv1c3" rel="nofollow">http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00pv1c3</a><p>[3] Jim Al-Khalili, "The Secret Life of Chaos"
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uF7gdlTrCQY" rel="nofollow">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uF7gdlTrCQY</a>
Toomre and Toomre, 1972, "Galactic Bridges and Tails". <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972ApJ...178..623T" rel="nofollow">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972ApJ...178..623T</a><p>This paper addressed the question of how galaxies with bridges and tails were formed. It used a series of simulations with gravitationally interacting point masses and associated test particles to represent the disks of two galaxies. It was one of the first papers to convincingly demonstrate that gravitational tidal interactions can create the narrow "tails" seen extending from some galaxies (others had argued that gravity could not make such narrow tails and argued for magetic fields).<p>This paper also speculated that gravitational interactions between galaxies could result in an increase in the amount of gas at the centers of galaxies and possibly explain the enhanced rate of star formation and supermassive black hole growth seen in some galaxies galaxies.
If we define favorite as most often reached for in reference to present discussions, then probably this. People are persistently surprised by the expected results of cumulative gains in all areas of life, here also:<p><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020187" rel="nofollow">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020187</a><p>"Those who get first-generation therapies only just in time will in fact be unlikely to live more than 20–30 years more than their parents, because they will spend many frail years with a short remaining life expectancy (i.e., a high risk of imminent death), whereas those only a little younger will never get that frail and will spend rather few years even in biological middle age. Quantitatively, what this means is that if a 10% per year decline of mortality rates at all ages is achieved and sustained indefinitely, then the first 1000-year-old is probably only 5–10 years younger than the first 150-year-old."
"Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability" <a href="http://psychology.uwo.ca/faculty/rushtonpdfs/PPPL1.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://psychology.uwo.ca/faculty/rushtonpdfs/PPPL1.pdf</a><p>It made me realise how political science can be and how facts on large issues can be covered up for political reasons.
"On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether" (<a href="https://www.aip.org/history/gap/PDF/michelson.pdf" rel="nofollow">https://www.aip.org/history/gap/PDF/michelson.pdf</a>)<p>This paper achieves a wonderful balance between being incredibly important and almost absurdly easy to read and understand.
Joe Armstrong 2003, "Making reliable distributed systems in the presence of software errors" <a href="https://www.sics.se/~joe/thesis/armstrong_thesis_2003.pdf" rel="nofollow">https://www.sics.se/~joe/thesis/armstrong_thesis_2003.pdf</a>
John Platt "Strong Inference" SCIENCE 16 October 1964, Volume 146, Number 3642<p>How to think/discover with maximum advantage. A jewel of an article, the most photocopied SCIENCE article I've ever encountered in library stacks. Foundation to methodological adventures.
Einstein, "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies"<p><a href="https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www" rel="nofollow">https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www</a><p>It's remarkably accessible and clear (at least Part I is).
I found these two papers very eye-opening. They talk about the limitations of reductionism in science.<p>P.W. Anderson, "More is different", <a href="https://www.tkm.kit.edu/downloads/TKM1_2011_more_is_different_PWA.pdf" rel="nofollow">https://www.tkm.kit.edu/downloads/TKM1_2011_more_is_differen...</a><p>R. B. Laughlin and D. Pines, "The theory of everything", <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/1/28.full.pdf&embedded=true" rel="nofollow">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/1/28.full.pdf&embedded=true</a>
Quantum random number generation on a mobile phone (2014)[1]<p>A topic which seems at first rather obscure overlaps with something relatable to yield a fascinating result. The blog post [2] was especially enticing for non-specialists like myself.<p>1. <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.0435" rel="nofollow">http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.0435</a><p>2. <a href="https://medium.com/the-physics-arxiv-blog/quantum-random-number-generator-created-using-a-smartphone-camera-602f88552b64" rel="nofollow">https://medium.com/the-physics-arxiv-blog/quantum-random-num...</a>
Favorite PL paper for balancing practicality and theory: <a href="http://ropas.snu.ac.kr/~bruno/papers/TypeClasses.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://ropas.snu.ac.kr/~bruno/papers/TypeClasses.pdf</a><p>Favorite paper/dissertation for sheer simplicity, elegance, and far-reaching power of the approach to the problem: <a href="http://web.mit.edu/vkm/www/vkm-dissertation.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://web.mit.edu/vkm/www/vkm-dissertation.pdf</a>
"Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation"
<a href="http://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674%2811%2900127-9.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674%2811%2900127-9.pdf</a>
A paper that gives a nice frame of reference for understanding and talking about the biology of cancer. This paper is the follow-up of the original Hallmarks of cancer by Hanahan and Weinberg (2000).
A paper about making video game characters act more like real people, trained by having people simulate interactions in a restaurant setting.<p><a href="http://www.media.mit.edu/cogmac/publications/orkin_aamas2009.." rel="nofollow">http://www.media.mit.edu/cogmac/publications/orkin_aamas2009...</a>.<p>Not ground breaking by any means, but it's the only time I've genuinely laughed out loud when reading a paper.
Some of the trippiest math I've ever seen. I sat with one of the authors while he wrote pecked out parts of his contribution. Smoking a bong. He's 83.<p>Completely dissociative groupoids. <a href="http://mb.math.cas.cz/mb137-1/6.html" rel="nofollow">http://mb.math.cas.cz/mb137-1/6.html</a>
"Out of the Tar Pit" (Ben Moseley and Peter Marks) <a href="http://www.curtclifton.net/storage/papers/MoseleyMarks06a.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.curtclifton.net/storage/papers/MoseleyMarks06a.pd...</a><p>Software complexity related to mutable state.
"The Complexity of Songs" by Donald Knuth
Mostly because it is an interesting read
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complexity_of_Songs" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complexity_of_Songs</a>
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For something completely different, Amelia Rauser, "The Butcher-Kissing Dutchess of Devonshire: Between Caricature and Allegory in 1784." Eighteenth-Century Studies 36 (Fall 2002): 23-47.
Two Dogmas of Empiricism, by W.V.O. Quine.<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism</a>