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Bitcoin mining on an Apollo Guidance Computer

217 点作者 sashk将近 6 年前

19 条评论

segfaultbuserr将近 6 年前
The author, Ken Shirriff, is an important personality in the retrocomputing scene, who has involved in the restoration of multiple vintage computers. As a programming exercise and entertainment (mainly, it&#x27;s just about the implementation of SHA-256), he has attempted to mine Bitcoin on various platforms, including pencil-and-paper (7.75e-6 H&#x2F;s) [0], IBM 1401 (0.012 H&#x2F;s) [1], and Xerox Alto (1.5 H&#x2F;s) [2].<p>And now it&#x27;s the Apollo Guidance Computer (0.097 H&#x2F;s)! I think it&#x27;s particularly hilarious, as the slogan says, Bitcoin to the Moon!<p>[0] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.youtube.com&#x2F;watch?v=y3dqhixzGVo" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.youtube.com&#x2F;watch?v=y3dqhixzGVo</a><p>[1] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.righto.com&#x2F;2015&#x2F;05&#x2F;bitcoin-mining-on-55-year-old-ibm-1401.html" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.righto.com&#x2F;2015&#x2F;05&#x2F;bitcoin-mining-on-55-year-old...</a><p>[2] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.righto.com&#x2F;2017&#x2F;07&#x2F;bitcoin-mining-on-vintage-xerox-alto.html" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.righto.com&#x2F;2017&#x2F;07&#x2F;bitcoin-mining-on-vintage-xer...</a><p><i>Edit: fixed all incorrect H&#x2F;s numbers, thanks for spotting that.</i>
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timonoko将近 6 年前
Rope memory is so fascinating and economical. Just wires and only one metal rings for each word, which can be hundreds of bits longs. My question is: is it possible to construct a finite state machine only with rope memory and mechanical relays and maybe capacitors. You can perhaps raise reading voltages so high, that the signal is detectable with relay coil. This would be the first real steam-punk, post-apocalyptic computer that people with early iron age technology can construct themselves.
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canada_dry将近 6 年前
&gt; the AGC results in a hash rate of 10.3 seconds per Bitcoin hash VS a relatively slow USB hash device that performs at 130 billion hashes per second.<p>&gt; it would take the AGC 4×10^23 seconds on average to find a block. Since the universe is only 4.3×10^17 seconds old, it would take the AGC about a billion times the age of the universe to successfully mine a block.<p>Pretty mind boggling stuff.
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ngcazz将近 6 年前
&gt; Trying to mine Bitcoin on this 1960s computer seemed both pointless and anachronistic, so I had to give it a shot.<p>Brilliant.
cgh将近 6 年前
From the notes at the end of the article:<p>&quot;The AGC that we&#x27;re restoring belongs to a private owner who picked it up at a scrap yard in the 1970s after NASA scrapped it. For simplicity, I refer to the AGC we&#x27;re restoring as &quot;our AGC&quot;.&quot;<p>How much other fantastic equipment of historical significance have we lost, I wonder?
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bdcravens将近 6 年前
This has to be the best description of how Bitcoin mining works that I have ever read (easy to understand and none of the usual ideology you find in usual Bitcoin writing)
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LandoCalrissian将近 6 年前
CuriousMarc&#x27;s series on the AGC restoration has been really cool to watch: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.youtube.com&#x2F;watch?v=2KSahAoOLdU&amp;list=PL-_93BVApb59FWrLZfdlisi_x7-Ut_-w7" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.youtube.com&#x2F;watch?v=2KSahAoOLdU&amp;list=PL-_93BVApb...</a>
cr0sh将近 6 年前
I found this story interesting, but unsurprising knowing the author. I&#x27;m amazed he got that thing to work - but if there were anyone who could do it, it&#x27;s him.<p>Unfortunately, I didn&#x27;t find an answer to something I suspect, but I don&#x27;t know for certain? Maybe someone here could shed light on it?<p>He mentions that the AGC was the first computer to use integrated circuits, in the form of 5600 NOR gates, built into custom &quot;logic modules&quot;, each set then wired together using a backplane or something like that. But take a look at those ICs - are they thru-hole, or SMT?<p>I seem to recall seeing pictures of the AGC - of other parts of it - and that it used a form of SMT in its construction; does anyone know if this is true? If so, would that also make it the first time SMT was used in a computer? Or were there other prior examples.<p>It seems also curious that if it was SMT being used - that such a thing was chosen for this critical piece of hardware, mounted on a rocket undergoing tremendous strain and vibration. I would think in that case DIP would be the better solution, ideally with extended pins for wire-wrap, then everything embedded in conformal coating after test - but while the DIP vs SMT question is up in the air, I&#x27;ve never seen any pictures that suggest wire wrapping was used, and nothing that showed anything like conformal coating.<p>So - can anyone shed any light on this?
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dnprock将近 6 年前
Super cool. I got mining to work on my forked bitcoin. I&#x27;ve got 5-8 GH&#x2F;s using a usb miner. It was a lot of work. It&#x27;s also a good way to learn about cryptocurrency. My effort is trivial compared to this.
Piezoid将近 6 年前
&gt; For instance, the AGC (like many 1960s computers) didn&#x27;t have a stack, so you had to keep track of the return address for each subroutine call.<p>&gt; I managed to get everything to fit in one bank by reusing these 16 words for multiple purposes, but I spent a lot of time debugging problems when a variable clobbered a location still in use.<p>It could be fun to make a slightly higher level ad-hoc assembly language for solving these problems. For example SSA with basic blocks.
atribecalledqst将近 6 年前
Always happy to see another writeup from Ken Sherriff. I think he has an account here, so if you&#x27;re reading this, thanks.<p>The estimate of the amount of electricity Bitcoin consumes (from a footnote) is distressing -- on the order of a small country...<p>This is one of the big reasons why I personally will never buy into a cryptocurrency (and especially bitcoin) -- too much wasted energy. If I want to engage in speculative trading, I&#x27;ll do it in the stock market.
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CharlesDodgson将近 6 年前
This link warms my heart.
pepijndevos将近 6 年前
I can highly recommend the curiousmarc AGC restoration series on youtube, which also feature Ken.
AmericanFTM将近 6 年前
Could he post responses on the internet to people wondering more about this weird piece of history and how he came across with that thing. If you can surf the web then it is useful!
jonny_eh将近 6 年前
It&#x27;d be cool if this was hooked up to the internet, with a camera pointed at it, and people could rent it for an hour at a time to play with.
beamatronic将近 6 年前
In my opinion this person seems like one of those 10x people. Amazing job.
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sbassi将近 6 年前
I wonder if this can be done in a C64 and what would be the hashrate.
DenisM将近 6 年前
The irony is strong here - the most productive computer computer in the world, the one that&#x27;s taken us to the moon, has been tasked with the most un-productive activity, that is burning energy for the sake of maintaining a ledger of fictional possessions.
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gist将近 6 年前
You know what most amazes me about a guy like Ken Shiriff? The fact that he is smart enough to do this but he uses his brains to just scratch a curiosity itch. It seems not only time consuming but in practical terms (other than mentally) obviously worthless. (Not that there isn&#x27;t a worth to the acheivement after all people spend all sorts of time on hobby pursuits of little apparent value).<p>I have to therefore say (will leave out the &#x27;honestly&#x27;) that if I was &#x27;that smart&#x27; I&#x27;d use my brains to do something that would put money in my pocket.