Crowdfunding a Transcontinental Railroad in 1857

The author seems to be unaware of two notable historic shifts in western investing.<p>1. Bonds used to be the preferred method for investing into businesses. Equity was considered so unsafe as to be not much more than gambling. Judging if a bond could be repaid or not was a key motivator in pricing. Nowadays bonds are a tool exclusive to highly stable mature corporations. The author appears surprised that early ventures could also issue bonds, but this was a common characteristic of financing.<p>A notable improvement is how regulation and enforcement now effectively protects minority shareholders. Part of history&#x27;s preference for bonds was how easy equity could be abused by controlling interests in a company. For a modern analogy look to Russia where equity trades at a strong discount to the west thanks to Russian oligarchy&#x27;s habits of stealing money from minority shareholders.<p>2. IPOs used to be about raising required capital to finance capital intensive industries. The US railroad boom was financed by IPOs. These initial public offerings were different from todays. Stronger regulation and protection for investors has pushed IPOs to a late stage. Now only established businesses can IPO. Back in the era of over investment into railroads investors were putting up fresh money to build tracks and stations from scratch.

Related on the history of crowdfunding: I was recently researching a local community group my grandfather was a part of, and I found out that they frequently had &quot;bond drives&quot; [1].<p>It was really interesting to learn that U.S. bonds, which today we view as a low-risk inflation-beating investment, were actually used not just as an investment but as a representation of American pride.<p>[1] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.okhistory.org&#x2F;publications&#x2F;enc&#x2F;entry.php?entry=WA020" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.okhistory.org&#x2F;publications&#x2F;enc&#x2F;entry.php?entry=W...</a>

Selling shares to finance business ventures has been going on for hundreds of years.<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Joint-stock_company#Early_joint-stock_companies" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Joint-stock_company#Early_join...</a>