So you've made a mistake and it's public

&gt; What should I do when I see someone else is making a mistake?<p>&gt; When you see others making mistakes, first help them see their mistakes and deal with them (e.g. by recycling this text, or by independently offering your analysis and answers to Steps 1 and 2 above).<p>&gt; Remember you make mistakes too, and be tolerant of the time it may take people to accept that they have made a mistake. (But you don&#x27;t need to allow them to insist they have not made a mistake.)<p>I especially appreciate this. Far too often I see people reacting to people&#x27;s mistakes with anger and hostility, instead of first trying to 1) understand the situation, and 2) help the person who made the mistake (if there even was one) understand the mistake.<p>A little kindness goes a long way.<p>[Edit: formatting]

I&#x27;m not sure apologizing publicly has made anything better for any individual, especially in the current moral panic climate. Mobs don&#x27;t accept apologies.<p>Public apologies stamp official guilt on the individual and therefore serve as a license for the mob to further punish them because now they have admitted their fault and therefore are &#x27;officially&#x27; guilty of the crime. Public apologies, therefore, are the metaphorical equivalent of blood in the water for attracting sharks.<p>Maybe it&#x27;s better to just ignore and maintain innocence because then at least there is some gray area? I don&#x27;t know.

I think a major point missing in amongst the discussion so far, and one that&#x27;s causing a lot of crosstalk is whether you should even be apologising at all.<p>For example.<p>Progressives are widely known for their enthusiastic use of forcing people into public apologies for perceived crimes against the faith or for not acquiescing to unreasonable demands which can then be framed as a perceived wrong. I think a lot of the kickback against apologising that we&#x27;re seeing is coming from the numerous public examples of this tactic and the follow-up where any good-faith apology will be used to make a further example of the heretic.<p>If you are dealing with this kind of thing then the tactic of take-cover and let the storm pass seems sane (pearls before swine etc). But if you&#x27;re actually dealing with a genuine person or group who you&#x27;ve genuinely wronged then a real apology is warranted.<p>One other thing I&#x27;d add; if you have wronged someone and you&#x27;ve apologised and made genuine efforts to make amends. While it is on the other person to decide whether or not they will accept&#x2F;forgive, it is not a requirement to indefinitely debase&#x2F;lower yourself in the pursuit of obtaining their forgiveness. You can make efforts up to a point but you are not required to destroy yourself until they grant it. If the situation is unsalvageable then that&#x27;s what it is.<p>For studys sake on how this can get out of control, there are numerous examples of shitty parents holding a past wrong over a childs head indefinitely in the raised-by-narcissists subreddit which illustrate the tactic in use by malicious types there.

In the age of social media I would suggest a different approach to addressing public mistakes.<p>1. Go silent.<p>&gt; Complete public blackout. No denying, no accepting. The people want retribution, not justice. The media blackout is essential.<p>2. Reflect on it privately and quietly.<p>3. If not in violation of #1, apologize to the individual people&#x2F;entity affected in private.<p>4. Once the mob dissipates, address the issue publically in long form.<p>&gt; It is very important that it be a boring, long and solemn take on the mistake. Blog, interview, podcast, whatever.<p>5. Don&#x27;t blame. period.<p>6. Set a roadmap to rehabilitation&#x2F;mitigation.<p>7. Actually follow #6

I don&#x27;t know. Years ago, I was on an email list and I did a lot of sincere public apologizing, in part because the internet was younger, so we didn&#x27;t have a lot of stuff worked out. We were just stumbling our way forward as best we could.<p>And the end result was that I became everyone&#x27;s bitch. People would intentionally pick on me and be ugly to me and when it went sideways, the group as a whole would go &quot;There she goes again!&quot; and blame the whole thing on me and expect me to apologize and kiss everyone&#x27;s ass.<p>I am much less free with public apologies than I used to be, though I am still equally willing to own my actions (a la &quot;I did x. That didn&#x27;t turn out well.&quot;)<p>There are some people in the world just looking for someone to blame and if they get it stuck in their warped tiny little minds for some reason that you are a good person to blame, good luck escaping their shit. Such people are a case of &quot;The only winning move is not to play.&quot; and, unfortunately, you tend to find that out after the fact because they have burned you and will not stop burning you, no matter how above-board, high-minded blah blah blah you handle the situation.<p>Some people are just hell-bent on proving &quot;No one is actually that good&quot; because they have baggage, so trying to do the right thing consistently just makes you a target of their shit and they really need therapy, but aren&#x27;t getting it.<p>Such people seem to be rather poor at letting things go and my impression is some of them will cyberstalk you for years after you try to leave whatever situation originally put you in contact with them.<p>(Edit: No, this wasn&#x27;t about my gender. This detail has already been addressed: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=25087829" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=25087829</a>)

There are few more odious Internet pass-times than relentlessly harassing someone for some perceived infraction until they give an imperfect apology and then nitpicking until they ritually humiliate themselves exactly according to your wishes.<p>This document is a would-be harasser&#x27;s checklist for extracting forced confessions and atonement schedules.

Something that I would include with the apology part (the text may have covered this and I missed it) is that apologies don&#x27;t have but&#x27;s.<p>&quot;I&#x27;m sorry I funded Wikimedia Antarctica but...&quot;<p>Everything you say after the but negates everything you say before it and now you&#x27;re only trying to justify your actions. Simply, &quot;I&#x27;m sorry I funded Wikimedia Antarctica.&quot; and proceed to describe what you learned: &quot;I neglected to look at relevant data before doing so. I see how that affected my thinking and I&#x27;m committed to doing that in future deals.&quot;<p>I can&#x27;t stress how much more impactful my apologies have become with people simply by leaving out that &quot;but&quot;. Even my relationship with my wife has improved because of it and I&#x27;ve noticed she&#x27;s started to leave off the &quot;but&#x27;s&quot; as well, which really makes me appreciate her apologies a whole lot more.

So this one time, our main customer database fell over. The primary key wasn&#x27;t wide enough, we hit 2 billion rows, and everyone panicked.<p>We had been working unwise hours for several days, and we got the fix together, and I made a mistake: I pushed it directly to production.<p>Man, my boss was really mad; no one had been getting enough sleep and we were all stressed. I apologized profusely and said it would never happen again. Fortunately, the fix was correct, so this could have been worse.<p>Ok. Do you notice what&#x27;s missing from this story?<p><i>We never addressed the flaw in our deployment which made it possible to push to prod without passing test.</i><p>Apologies are for when you harm others. Some mistakes do, and some don&#x27;t. A blanket policy that a mistake is an occasion for apology and navel-gazing is culturally harmful, because it casts mistakes as personal failings, when they are frequently the result of institutional or procedural shortcomings which can and should be addressed.

I find it helpful when writing apology posts to start it by writing down the timeline of events. Don’t insert any commentary attempting to justify anything in this part, it just comes off as defensive. Instead just outline what happened though you can include the immediate cause of decisions you made.<p>“Because I was worried about how people would react to X I decided to do Y”<p>Then after that you can write all the stuff that they list in this post.<p>I think it helps a lot to get the audience into the same situation you where in in their minds before understanding the context of how you actually screwed up.

They forgot to mention the part where the goal posts get moved and you have to keep apologizing each time this happens. You may find yourself running out of rope as you are pushed further and further out until you don&#x27;t have much left to give.<p>Modesty and realizing you&#x27;ve made a mistake are good qualities, no doubt. But those traits will be used against you if you foolishly think others will be also acting in good faith when they publicly point out your mistake. If you wish to publicly apologize that&#x27;s fine, but don&#x27;t for a second fall for the notion that this will appease the mob. They want blood when they smell it in the water and each apology just squirts more blood into the water for them to feed off of.

The number of people in this thread arguing that apologies can only make things worse is shocking. Are these the same people who reject addressing war crimes with truth and reconciliation, and instead advocate &quot;deny everything, make counteraccusations&quot;?<p>A proper apology—one that (1) acknowledges the specific harm caused, (2) acknowledges responsibility and remorse for specific choices, (3) explains how they hope to make amends specifically to the aggrieved party—seems to me to be self-evidently the only possible way to heal a community.<p>Doubtless many people have delivered &quot;apologies&quot; that omitted one of those elements, or even all 3 elements (&quot;I apologize if anyone felt offended&quot;), and thereby made things worse for themselves. But to me it is self-evidently corrosive to a community and to a person&#x27;s ego to adopt a practice of refusing to acknowledge mistakes.<p>For an example of the good that can come from a proper apology for a serious harm, consider Dan Harmon&#x27;s apology to Megan Ganz: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.vox.com&#x2F;culture&#x2F;2018&#x2F;1&#x2F;11&#x2F;16879702&#x2F;dan-harmon-apology-megan-ganz-community" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.vox.com&#x2F;culture&#x2F;2018&#x2F;1&#x2F;11&#x2F;16879702&#x2F;dan-harmon-ap...</a>

Step 0 is admirable. I&#x27;ve come across business cultures where people got ahead (really!) by &quot;outrunning their mistakes.&quot; Lots of rapid promotions and job transfers, leaving messes behind them -- and then blaming problems on their inept successors, or other saboteurs, etc. No accepting of responsibility.<p>Most of those places eventually go bust, but they can ruin a lot of people&#x27;s lives before the final collapse happens.<p>Step 3.2 feels forced and a little Orwellian. Even something as hazy as invoking &quot;bad judgment&quot; -- and leaving the scene -- is often sufficient, at least at first. If errant people need a bit more time to process reality&#x27;s sudden slap in the face, I&#x27;m in favor of giving it to them.<p>Eventually a lot of them do reach a fuller understanding. Or they redeem themselves in other ways. In the right settings, a little bit of mercy can be very powerful

I made such a mistake over 3 years ago. Only found about it 2 years ago. Mostly, I was acting on insufficient information, and a bit of intuition. I identified the kind of error I made, noted what I had to do to avoid a repeat —which never happened since. I fixed then admitted the mistake, a couple days after finding it. It&#x27;s standard procedure. I could have swept it under the rug, though I never considered it.<p>There wasn&#x27;t much drama then. Just some mockery I wasn&#x27;t even aware of (I didn&#x27;t follow Twitter). I learned of it one year later, when some institution &quot;awarded&quot; the worst mistakes (they wrote pretty funny piece).<p>&gt; <i>Yes, there may be some drama, in the short term.</i><p>It was the only mistake of any consequence I&#x27;ve made in over 4 years working in this domain. Yet some people still use that one error to publicly question my competence and my ethics. As if they didn&#x27;t realise the perverse incentives that results from punishing honest disclosure.

This is purely my personal opinion, but the wikipedia community seems like one of the most toxic communities on the web. The people contributing to WP - the editors - seem more concerned with coming up with Kafka-esque processes to introduce to the community than making the actual work of making an encyclopaedia. Perhaps the only area where editors are as zealous they are about creating obscure processes, is in policing what content should they should fit into the their volumes. Truly, it is a bureaucracy expanding to meet its own needs. One that attracts a certain group of people, who have a certain view of social interactions, that necessitates certain procedures for social interactions, giving rise to articles like this one specifically.<p>For the rest of us cooking up an apology from a recipe is feel insincere, an apology is a ritual sure showing how its done ruins the illusion. On a higher level this type of process-over-vision thinking has ruined the goals and ideas of Wikipedia, a site which in the 00s seemed world-changing and lead it to it&#x27;s decline in the 10s and to what I predict will be its fall in the 20s.<p>I hope to be wrong about WP, I hope for a new wave of optimistic idealism to swallow up tech again, bringing about a new era of amateurism. But with the professionalisation of even the free software community I have, I must admit, all but given up hope.

I find this very funny. You have made a mistake? then starts this algorithm and you are all done !<p>&gt; that you are sorry about the harm&#x2F;damage&#x2F;waste&#x2F;confusion your mistake caused (being specific would demonstrate understanding);<p>I have big problem with apologizes, you don&#x27;t owe apologies because you made a mistake, apologizing will not change anything, you can easily not feel the apologies you are making.

I like that.<p>I&#x27;m quite good at apologizing, because I need to do it so often. I get lots of practice.<p>The American abhorrence for admitting fault and&#x2F;or apologizing is quite mystifying to me. It&#x27;s really corrosive.<p>I&#x27;ve spent 40 years, promptly admitting mistakes, and repairing, where possible.<p>WFM. YMMV.

Also see: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;meta.wikimedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Apology" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;meta.wikimedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Apology</a><p>Covers the apology &quot;step&quot; in detail and treats it as &quot;a form of ritual exchange between both parties, where words are said that allow reconciliation&quot;.

This presupposes a very important thing, which is, how do you define a mistake? Is it a decision that other people are unhappy with, even if you still think it was right? That you yourself are unhappy with, even if others approve? What if you&#x27;ve made a decision with mixed results, bad and good? Was that a mistake? A partial mistake? Are &quot;mistakes&quot; on a gradient, and if so, is there a tipping point at which you follow the outlined procedure?

This happens at work to everyone at some point. I&#x27;ve learned that dealing with it boils down to about the same as the linked article, but much shorter:<p>--take responsibility<p>--explain how it happened<p>--explain the steps you&#x27;re taking to prevent it in the future.<p>(Luckily this final step has never been an issue for me, but: if it keeps happening, or you have to repeat this process too many times for different issues, prepare a resume and pursue some strong &quot;professional development&quot;)

The problem is, you aren&#x27;t absolutely wrong, so you only made a mistake for a specific group of people.<p>Look at JK Rowling.<p>Would many people say that she made many public mistakes? Sure. Does she care? Probably not. Why? Because she thinks she does the right thing and many people think the same.

Not for public situations, but internally, and proactively...<p>For my startups&#x27;s new engineering hiring process, I recently wrote the boilerplate part of the email I send when requesting a first Jitsi&#x2F;phone technical meeting, after a prospective team member has passed the initial meeting with the CEO.<p>Part of this is to tell them the purpose and format of this meeting (e.g., no surprise coding test, start to get a sense of each others&#x27; abilities and what it&#x27;d be like to work together). But then the majority of the text is to convey the culture we&#x27;re going for, and the professional mode it&#x27;s safe to be in for the interview (which is different than some other places, and than some standard advice).<p>I&#x27;m shooting for the engineering&amp;ops culture to be what I call in the boilerplate &quot;honest and earnest&quot;. And that it&#x27;s safe and encouraged in this culture to say &quot;I don&#x27;t know&quot;, &quot;that&#x27;s a problem&quot;, &quot;I made a mistake&quot;, &quot;I need help&quot;, etc. And that it&#x27;s safe and encouraged to be in this mode in the interview, as well (and I will be, too).<p>In work (and in the interviews), I absolutely don&#x27;t want people thinking they should be posturing or cultivating social media-like distorted images, avoiding pointing out system problems, getting into conflict of interest situations with personal career advancement vs. the interests of the team and our work, etc.<p>I&#x27;m sure we&#x27;ll refine this over time, but I believe that an honest&amp;earnest culture avoids a lot of problems around mistakes, including helping to avoid mistakes in the first place, and avoiding compounding them when they do happen.

Sorry but this is utter bullshit. In the toxic melting pot that is today’s public opinion, the lesson learned is never admit you’re wrong EVER. The moment you publicly express remorse you are done. The master of this is Ricky Gervais eg <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;youtu.be&#x2F;uEawbnXaIDs" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;youtu.be&#x2F;uEawbnXaIDs</a><p>No one will care of remember whether you found some way to apologize. The only thing groupthink will remember is whether you could be intimidated or not. If you can’t be intimidated groupthink will quickly grow bored of you.

Jeffrey Toobin: &quot;I was fired today by @NewYorker after 27 years as a Staff Writer. I will always love the magazine, will miss my colleagues, and will look forward to reading their work,&quot;

It&#x27;s funny to see this just now. I&#x27;ve started contributing quite a bit to Wikidata as part of some work that uses it as a data source, and it&#x27;s really the first time in more than a decade that I work in an environment where my work gets public scrutiny.<p>Shame is a really strong emotion for me, and I feel terrible when anyone spots a mistake. At one point, I left the site and didn&#x27;t return for three days because I saw there was a notification for me. Which turned out to be positive feedback.<p>I feel far worse about my own mistakes than about those of others.<p>What I don&#x27;t get is people doubling down on obvious mistakes. Show some contrition and your standing will net benefit from you screwing something up. Trust me on this: I&#x27;m German and we have made that principle semi-official government philosophy. Whenever I see, say, Turkish nationalists deny the Armenian genocide, or Polish wikipedia deleting articles about local anti-semitic incidents, I wonder if they seriously believe their actions won&#x27;t make them look both guilty <i>and</i> somewhat stupid.<p>Oh, while we&#x27;re at it: Only by participating have I learnt what a vast enterprise the whole of Wikimedia actually is, and how almost all of it is open to the public. It&#x27;s the only non-profit organisation at FAANG-scale (except Amazon I guess), and you might want to check out, for example, what Graphana looks like at scale: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;grafana.wikimedia.org&#x2F;d&#x2F;000000605&#x2F;datacenter-global-overview?orgId=1" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;grafana.wikimedia.org&#x2F;d&#x2F;000000605&#x2F;datacenter-global-...</a>

All solid advice.<p>I would add:<p>If this mistake happens in the business context, commit to a root cause analysis, perform such with all involved parties and stakeholders, use a methodology such as Toyota’s Five Whys, identify areas for improvement, share your report, and resolve issues in a timely manner.<p>The above will not only improve your processes so failures are less likely, it will also demonstrate a commitment to quality and improvement to all observers.

&gt; that you are sorry about the harm&#x2F;damage&#x2F;waste&#x2F;confusion your mistake caused (being specific would demonstrate understanding);<p>No.<p>You are allowed to make mistakes. You don&#x27;t have to default to sorry.<p>This is allowing the mob to own you. To an extent they do, so maybe to have to let them bully you. But try and resist.<p>Sometimes you will be sorry and sometimes pretending to be sorry will get you something you want. But it should be your choice.

I think there&#x27;s a step missing before step 0: first be sure that you&#x27;ve actually made a mistake. And don&#x27;t assume that the existence of an angry internet mob is any evidence of a mistake on your part. Perhaps it&#x27;s best to talk things through with a trusted friend&#x2F;adviser first.

This only works if all involved accept their initial axiom, &quot;So you&#x27;ve made a mistake and it&#x27;s public…&quot;.<p>In my experience getting consensus from all involved that a mistake has indeed been committed is the very hardest part of the whole process.

The wiki article reads a lot like what we do in software engineering post-mortems; timeline of events, what went wrong, why it went wrong, how it was addressed, what will be done to prevent it in the future.

Don&#x27;t get me wrong, but, although I might entirely agree with what this page says, it&#x27;s an opinion (as they state) and I kinda liked the idea that this foundation had no place for opinions.<p>Just thinking out loud...

Not all the mistakes are the same, no? I assume the focus here is factual inaccuracy, and the proximal cause of that is not following a rigorous sourcing and fact checking process. But the advice here also relates to mistakes of interaction - unsuccessful collaborations on a page, or non collegial communication. Hurting someone&#x27;s feelings is different than a reporting error. Apologize or correct, right? Are there more flavors of mistake, and courses of action?

That&#x27;s good advice for a world without bored people looking for entertainment in the form of other people&#x27;s misery.<p>In this current world, people will send you death threats for releasing a game too late. You&#x27;ll get doxxed for an unpopular opinion and you&#x27;ll be beheaded for showing a picture of a person.<p>It feels like saying you were wrong will only put fuel onto t he fire. But I can only hope I&#x27;m wrong.

&gt; So you&#x27;ve made a mistake and it&#x27;s public<p>People make mistakes. Not a big deal.<p>&gt; Step 0<p>Totally agree.<p>&gt; Step 1<p>The rest of these steps however is complete BS. Here’s generic answers.<p>&gt; What led you to make it?<p>The rest of the data I had on the subject, so far.<p>&gt; Were you acting on bad information?<p>Who precisely rates information as good or bad?<p>&gt; Without sufficient information?<p>Sufficient for what?<p>&gt; Were you pressed by a deadline or by a strong opinion from someone else?<p>None of the above.<p>&gt; Were you following a broken process?<p>No.<p>&gt; Did you act on the basis of circumstances you wish were the case rather than the circumstances that are in fact the case?<p>WTF?<p>And so on.

Does anyone here work in an environment where every mistake warrants public shaming? Sounds like a hostile environment to me. What am I missing?

It&#x27;s sad to see such write ups since it&#x27;s these that give people who don&#x27;t mean the apology look like they do since they follow this template&#x2F;algorithm.<p>Let it be original when you apologize, let it come from you with all your perfections and imperfections. Let the world come to term with the real you and your explanation on _your actions_.

“I neglected to look at relevant data before deciding to fund Wikimedia Antarctica”<p>This seems unreasonably sane, compared to actual real-life investors.<p>I think it would be a lot more impactful with a mistake that wasn’t endemic to the relevant profession.<p>How about: “I failed to realize that economics is a social science, and treated it as a field of mathematics”..?

I always remember this very old adage: don&#x27;t be a dick.<p>Sooner or later we all make mistakes, but very important to remember that if you&#x27;re the one holding the pitchfork - your turn might be up next. So, be kind. And if you&#x27;re the one making the mistake: figure out what&#x2F;why&#x2F;how. And try again.

Remember, team: just as there is infinite variation in the severity of mistakes, so there is infinite variation in the methods and appropriateness of apology that can&#x2F;should&#x2F;might be made. The post is a decent framework, not a prescription for all situations.

The form of words of an apology is extremely important. The worst form (in my personal opinion) is the <i>qualified</i> apology as in <i>IF I have offended I apologize</i>. It questions the need, it implies that its open to doubt.<p><i>I apologize unreservedly</i> is far better.

Understand why you made the mistake and move on. Admitting your mistake publicly? Maybe..

Can&#x27;t say I agree with this.<p>The internet enables anonymous bullying on a never-before-seen scale. It also enables anonymous ghosting as a defense against the bullies.<p>Generally when you make a mistake on the internet the best course of action is to just move on.

This is a nice outline for making one&#x27;s own mistake.<p>How do you all approach telling another when another are making a mistake? Usually the other person may get defensive or a conflict may arise.

This is relevant here <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Galileo_affair" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Galileo_affair</a>

Step 3 seems a bit much. What sort of mistakes are we talking about here that seem to require such hyperbolic displays of repentance?

Mistakes are a great thinking tool. They can help navigate the unknown. We should be embracing them more to do greater things.

it&#x27;s all good advice<p>but<p>just want to point out the &quot;leader of the free world&quot; doesn&#x27;t follow any of this and well, job title<p>so apparently it&#x27;s not the only &quot;solution&quot; as it looks like doubling down also works

Trump&#x27;s political party affiliation changed numerous times. He registered as a Republican in Manhattan in 1987, switched to the Reform Party in 1999, the Democratic Party in 2001, and back to the Republican Party in 2009 <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Donald_Trump" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Donald_Trump</a><p>I am not sure Trump will follow <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;meta.wikimedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;So_you%27ve_made_a_mistake_and_it%27s_public" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;meta.wikimedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;So_you%27ve_made_a_mistake_a...</a>...

Interestingly in the book Rage there is 10 pages of Bob telling Trump again and again that he should have apologized about the quiproquo and things would have been fine. Trump refuses to see it this way, and I’m inclined to believe that maybe Trump is right. From a sociology point of view things might be better if you deny instead of apologizing. I’m now wondering if the same could be true in a relationship, although social dynamics work differently at different scales.

See Also: Apology

If this isn&#x27;t an ironic commentary on current events...

What&#x27;s a mistake?

HackerNewsers having a meltdown over the concept of a public apology.

This is why Trump is a genius. The step 0 should be: never ever admin the mistake. Since you will look bad even if you admit the mistake: it makes no difference.

I thought this would be a discussion of how to remove PII from Wikipedia from the edit history.