It is true that in almost every case, the reason for inventing a new language did not in fact justify anything like the amount of effort involved. Languages get created anyway, for insufficient reasons, and once in a blue moon a miracle happens, and the language takes off.<p>Excellence is absolutely not obligatory to get a miracle, but failings do often help prevent one. The most interesting cases are not the miracles, which are each <i>sui generis</i>, but the near misses like Pascal, Ada, and Lisp.