The OSNMA protocol discussed is based on Timed Efficient Stream Loss-Tolerant Authentication (TESLA):<p>> <i>This document introduces Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication (TESLA). TESLA allows all receivers to check the integrity and authenticate the source of each packet in multicast or broadcast data streams. TESLA requires no trust between receivers, uses low-cost operations per packet at both sender and receiver, can tolerate any level of loss without retransmissions, and requires no per-receiver state at the sender. TESLA can protect receivers against denial of service attacks in certain circumstances. Each receiver must be loosely time-synchronized with the source in order to verify messages, but otherwise receivers do not have to send any messages. TESLA alone cannot support non-repudiation of the data source to third parties.</i><p>* <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4082" rel="nofollow">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4082</a><p>* A. Perrig, R. Canetti, J. Tygar and D. Song, “Efficient Authentication and Signing of Multicast Streams over Lossy Channels,” <i>IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy</i>, pp. 56-73, May 2000.