I'd like to mention the native actor model implementation CAF, the C++ Actor Framework, and share some experiences. (Disclaimer: I've been developing on CAF in the past and have a good relationship with the creator.) CAF (1) provides native actors without an VM layer, (2) type-safe interfaces so that the compiler yells at you when a receiver cannot handle a message, and (3) transparent copy-on-write messaging so that you can still push stuff through pipelines and induce only copies only when a ref count is greater than one.<p>In our telemetry engine VAST, we've been using CAF successfully for several years for building a distributed system that always has a saturated write path. CAF provides a credit-based streaming abstraction as well, so that you can have backpressure across a chain of actors, making burst-induced OOM issues a blast from the past. You also get all the other benefits of actors, like linking and monitoring, to achieve well-defined failure semantics: either be up and running or collectively fail, but still allowing for local recovery—except for segfaults, this is where "native" has a disadvantage over VM-based actor models.<p>With CAF's network transparent runtime, a message ender doesn't need to know where receiver lives; the runtime either passes the message as COW pointer to the receiver or serializes it transparently. Other actor model runtimes support that as well, but I'm mentioning it because our experience showed that this is great value: we can can slice and dice our actors based on the deployment target, e.g., execute the application in one single process (e.g., for a beefy box) or wrap actors into single OS processes (e.g., when deploying on container auto-scalers).<p>The deep integration with the C++ type system allowed us to define very stable RPC-like interfaces. We're currently designing a pub/sub layer as alternate access path, because users are interested in tapping into streaming feeds selectively. This is not easy, because request-response and pub/sub are two ends of a spectrum, but it turns out we can support nicely with CAF.<p>Resources:<p>- CAF: <a href="https://github.com/actor-framework/actor-framework" rel="nofollow">https://github.com/actor-framework/actor-framework</a><p>- VAST: <a href="https://tenzir.github.io/vast/docs/understand-vast/actor-model" rel="nofollow">https://tenzir.github.io/vast/docs/understand-vast/actor-mod...</a> (sorry for the incompleteness, we're in migration mode from the old docs, but this page is summarizing the benefits of CAF for us best)<p>- Good general actor model background: <a href="http://dist-prog-book.com/chapter/3/message-passing.html#why-the-actor-model" rel="nofollow">http://dist-prog-book.com/chapter/3/message-passing.html#why...</a>