I think if you want to talk historical predecessors to the blockchain, the rai stones of Yap are arguably the closest example. The monetary system embodied by the stones even features proof of work (the value of the stones is derived in part from the enormous effort necessary to hew the stones and move them to their present locations; stones with an interesting history, such as people dying while moving them, are also more valuable) and a distributed ledger (Yapese oral tradition records the present owner and all past owners of the stones; when a stone changes hands, the transaction is simply added to the oral history, much like a blockchain transaction).