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Timekeeping Before Clocks

140 点作者 orcul大约 1 年前

20 条评论

fellerts大约 1 年前
Timekeeping leading up to the marine chronometer is also very interesting. Note that none of the timekeeping devices mentioned in the article would work very well at sea, making it impossible to accurately determine your longitude. Solving that proved to be extremely difficult.<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.rmg.co.uk&#x2F;stories&#x2F;topics&#x2F;harrisons-clocks-longitude-problem" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.rmg.co.uk&#x2F;stories&#x2F;topics&#x2F;harrisons-clocks-longit...</a>
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complaintdept大约 1 年前
I&#x27;d just like to throw out a recommendation here for the book <i>Longitude</i> by Dava Sobel. It&#x27;s about the invention of the marine chronometer by a self-taught carpenter. Fascinating read, and a real page turner too.
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0xcg12 个月前
Great article that covers some fantastic examples of sun-based time. If you want to read about two more, Seiko has a great article [1] about a traditional Japanese clock (Wadokei) which had moving indices based on the seasons.<p>The local time we keep today is supremely useful for global synchronization, but is disconnected from the natural world. I came across this example (Wadokei) after making an app for myself to track the moon above and below the horizon and doing some research after creating a similar style clock which uses the sun as the anchor of the clock (high noon is the top of the clock, instead of 12 noon). This one is a full-day clock that shows the hours of the “local time” day as well as the positioning of the sun and moon. The hours shift dramatically during the peak of summer and depths of winter, especially at extreme latitudes [2]. You can really get a sense of the length of the daylight and how it changes by using any of these sun-based clocks.<p>[1] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;museum.seiko.co.jp&#x2F;en&#x2F;knowledge&#x2F;relation_15&#x2F;" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;museum.seiko.co.jp&#x2F;en&#x2F;knowledge&#x2F;relation_15&#x2F;</a><p>[2] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;apps.apple.com&#x2F;us&#x2F;app&#x2F;moontime-lunar-clock-widget&#x2F;id6448401297" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;apps.apple.com&#x2F;us&#x2F;app&#x2F;moontime-lunar-clock-widget&#x2F;id...</a>
gumby12 个月前
A few footnotes:<p>The “stick” of the sundial is called a gnomon.<p>Early hours were not uniform in length (they couldn’t be, really, with a sundial). The Babylonians (and the Egyptians after them) divided day (daylight) into twelve equal regions and night (between sunset and dawn) into twelve equal periods, but day and night hours were not the same length, nor were those of successive days or nights.<p>Parasite was a kind of job: if you were rich you had a parasite or two who would accompany you when you were out and about. You paid for their food and upkeep and in exchange everyone could see how rich and generous you were.
keiferski大约 1 年前
Another interesting thing is how Western clock technology was adapted to fit traditional Japanese notions of time, in the pre-Meiji era (after which, Japan adopted Western time.)<p><i>A Japanese clock (和時計, wadokei) is a mechanical clock that has been made to tell traditional Japanese time, a system in which daytime and nighttime are always divided into six periods whose lengths consequently change with the season. Mechanical clocks were introduced into Japan by Jesuit missionaries (in the 16th century) or Dutch merchants (in the 17th century).</i><p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Japanese_clock" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Japanese_clock</a><p>And on a related note, Lewis Mumford, a philosopher and writer, wrote quite a bit about how clocks were (in his view) the necessary invention for capitalism to flourish:<p><i>The first phase of technically civilized life (AD 1000 to 1800) begins with the clock, to Mumford the most important basis for the development of capitalism because time thereby becomes fungible (thus transferable). The clock is the most important prototype for all other machines.</i><p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Technics_and_Civilization" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Technics_and_Civilization</a>
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antognini大约 1 年前
There is a really nice surviving water clock from the early Imperial era in China that was discovered in the 1970s [1]. The Imperial bureaucracy was sophisticated enough at this point that official timekeeping equipment like this was carefully tracked. The water clock has an inscription that details where it was made (Qianzhang), when it was made (27 BC), and how heavy it is 32 &quot;Jin&quot;).<p>There is a text written a few decades after this water clock was made that provides enough detail to approximately reconstruct how astronomers used it for their measurements. In essence they would calibrate the water clock against the motion of the Sun so that they could correspond some volume of water to a 24 hour period. Then they would measure the amount of water that flowed from the transit of one star to another to figure out the separation of those stars in right ascension. The measurements were sophisticated enough that they apparently took into account factors like humidity and temperature when using the water clock.<p>[1]: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.reddit.com&#x2F;r&#x2F;ArtefactPorn&#x2F;comments&#x2F;150024l&#x2F;the_zhongyang_water_clock_with_inscriptions&#x2F;" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.reddit.com&#x2F;r&#x2F;ArtefactPorn&#x2F;comments&#x2F;150024l&#x2F;the_z...</a>
russfink大约 1 年前
Often we wonder what distinguishes humans from other animals. Measurement and optimization. Do other species measure, and optimize? Others use tools, but do they optimize?
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dekhn大约 1 年前
Just build a digital sundial: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.thingiverse.com&#x2F;thing:1068443" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.thingiverse.com&#x2F;thing:1068443</a>
WalterBright大约 1 年前
I sometimes watch those TV shows about ancient civilizations. They often talk about &quot;astonishing&quot; astronomy they used.<p>In reality, all they did was track the sun. This can be done simply by putting a vertical stick in the ground, and marking the path the tip of the stick traces in the ground. This way, the calendar and solstices can be accurately determined.<p>The shows will also talk about the &quot;amazing&quot; technology that enabled, say, a hole in a wall to shine on a statue for one special day a year. Again, rather simple to do using the same idea as the stick in the ground.<p>The third thing that annoyed me was their &quot;incredible&quot; astronomical knowledge in predicting eclipses. All that is is collecting observations over decades and then recognizing the pattern. There is no astronomical knowledge involved. They still had no idea what the sun, moon, and planets were, nor even the layout of the solar system.
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kang大约 1 年前
Something one might like as a continuation of the article is digital sundials. Apart from types listed on wikipedia, there are 3D-printed versions etc.
renlo大约 1 年前
Not to be pedantic but I was genuinely confused by this statement:<p>&gt; He lived and wrote in the late 200s and early 100s BCE<p>Shouldn&#x27;t this instead be phrased as:<p>&gt; He lived and wrote in the early 200s and late 100s BCE<p>He was born in 254 BCE and died in 184 BCE, he lived from the mid 200s BCE, started writing in the _early_ 200s BCE, and died in the _late_ 100s BCE.
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foreigner大约 1 年前
I want a wrist-mounted sundial &quot;watch&quot; that automatically calibrates itself using my phone&#x27;s GPS.
hammock大约 1 年前
Also worth noting that some early timekeepers used the burning of incense to count down the time.
johnlk大约 1 年前
Fascinating article. This has inspired me to make a sundial that works inside my NYC apartment. Ideally, there&#x27;s some reflective device pointed outside and some warping that happens to allow the sundial to work inside.
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StanislavPetrov12 个月前
The poem by the Hungary Parasite reminded me of the 1960 J.G. Ballard short story, &quot;Chronopolis&quot;.
nvader大约 1 年前
&gt; get the time the way people had been since the dawn of civilization.<p>I nearly applauded, what a great way to end the article!
devindotcom大约 1 年前
I was thinking about this while watching an amazing Chinese historical drama, &quot;Longest Day in Chang&#x27;an,&quot; which has a &quot;24&quot;-like real-time structure. But instead of the beep... beep... beep... you have this one guy in an official building intently watching a water clock and pretty much every episode he bangs a drum on the hour and yells out the exact time and a kind of proverb, like &quot;1 o clock!! The shadows reappear!&quot;<p>Great show and there are lots of interesting historical details like this. Good post too.
teleforce12 个月前
Toward the end of the article there are descriptions of Al-Jazari water clocks but did not mention about the infamous Alhambra Palace lions water clock, and most likely it was based on Al-Jazari inventions. Since Alhambra Palace construction was started in the same century of Al-Jazari death (13th century AD) it&#x27;s very plausible that it&#x27;s based on his work.<p>Al-Jazari invented hundreds of inventions including mechanical robots that were said to be copied by later scientist and engineers including Leonardo da Vinci, and we know that good artists copy but great artists steal [1].<p>During a visit to Alhambra Spain it was claimed the water will gush out from each of the lion figure&#x27;s mouth fountain for every hour, in sequence of turns not unlike our clock now but it all based on water. Perhaps this is possible due to the Al-Jazari water clock invention but no one know how it was originally working [2].<p>It&#x27;s a shame that indispensable knowledge like this has been lost forever and this also happened to the earliest earthquake sensor instrument invented by Zhang Heng back in 132 A.D. He called his seismoscope Houfeng Didong Yi, meaning an &quot;instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth.&quot; Now the working replica has been recreated but only until very recently they had managed to recreate the functioning replica but knowledge regarding the actual original working mechanism has been lost forever [3]. Ironically after more than 2000 years later and USD1 Billion spent for the earthquake sensors system installations, the latest system with 15K sensor stations throughout China, it still cannot predict the earthquakes but only provide alerts to the authority after the main earthquake has happened somewhere in China [4],[5].<p>[1] The Relation between Al-Jazari of the East and Leonardo da Vinci of the West:<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;dergipark.org.tr&#x2F;en&#x2F;pub&#x2F;oad&#x2F;issue&#x2F;78379&#x2F;1264652" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;dergipark.org.tr&#x2F;en&#x2F;pub&#x2F;oad&#x2F;issue&#x2F;78379&#x2F;1264652</a><p>[2] Invention or Solving the Mystery of Water Clock of the Lion Court Fountain in Alhambra palace (Granada):<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;ijisrt.com&#x2F;assets&#x2F;upload&#x2F;files&#x2F;IJISRT22JAN498.pdf" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;ijisrt.com&#x2F;assets&#x2F;upload&#x2F;files&#x2F;IJISRT22JAN498.pdf</a><p>[3] The ancient earthquake detector that puzzled modern historians:<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.engadget.com&#x2F;2018-09-28-backlog-zhang-heng-seismoscope.html" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.engadget.com&#x2F;2018-09-28-backlog-zhang-heng-seism...</a><p>[4] Innovative earthquake alarm system in China:<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;ibtekr.org&#x2F;en&#x2F;cases&#x2F;innovative-earthquake-alarm-system-in-china&#x2F;" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;ibtekr.org&#x2F;en&#x2F;cases&#x2F;innovative-earthquake-alarm-syst...</a><p>[5] Chinese Nationwide Earthquake Early Warning System and Its Performance in the 2022 Lushan M6.1 Earthquake:<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.mdpi.com&#x2F;2072-4292&#x2F;14&#x2F;17&#x2F;4269" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.mdpi.com&#x2F;2072-4292&#x2F;14&#x2F;17&#x2F;4269</a>
hammock大约 1 年前
Court of the Lions (14th c.) in the Alhambra palace is my favorite water clock.<p>A large pool of water is surrounded by 12 lions that would spout water from their mouths and depending on the hour of the day (1 o&#x27;clock, 2 o&#x27;clock, etc), the water comes from Lion 1, Lion 2, Lion 3, etc. <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Court_of_the_Lions" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Court_of_the_Lions</a>
jes5199大约 1 年前
what, no astrolabe? astrolabes are the direct precursor to mechanical clocks, you can think of them as a slide rules with a inclinometer and a star map, and their primary application was to convert the altitude of visible stars or the sun into the current time