<i>There is no definition of AH anywhere, I can’t tell where it is coming from. And $13, what is that about?</i><p>AH is the high byte of AX a 16 bit register in the 8086. AL is of course the low-byte of AX.<p>$13 is the hex number of the interrupt used in MSDOS.<p><i>What is AH or the Intr() call?</i><p>AH is as above. Intr() call is a Pascal call (was it Turbo Pascal, I wonder) to the 8086 interrupt code in a PC.<p>Yes this knowledge is arcane, and Yes, you 'just have to know it'<p>That's because this was the only way (Such a kluge!) you could interface the hardware to a "high level language" like Pascal that didn't have that capability built in.<p>It would probably have been better to use 8086 assembly with MSDOS system calls than Pascal as it was intrinsically able to interface with the hardware where Pascal was not.<p>But when you're a learner, you do what you can. Even if it turns out to be 'the hard way'.<p>We all have stuff that lives rent-free in our heads. In my case I can look at a lot of 8-bit hex numbers and know what machine instructions they represent in 8080/Z80 code. Enough of them to look at a hex dump of 8080 machine-code and know roughly what is supposed to happen.