Orthogonality is a beautiful concept.<p>In physics, different frequencies don’t interfere with each other—they're always independent. However, in digital operations and mathematics, this isn’t automatically true, so we need to carefully select the right frequencies.<p>OFDM leverages this by ensuring that, in the frequency domain, certain frequencies remain completely separate, meaning changes to one frequency (in amplitude or phase) won't affect the others.<p>This allows us to capture the maximum information with limited samples.