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How Britain got its first internet connection (2015)

169 点作者 samizdis4 个月前

18 条评论

cpr4 个月前
That March 1977 map always brings back a flood of memories to this old-timer.<p>Happy nights spent hacking in the Harvard graduate computer center next to the PDP-1&#x2F;PDP-10 (Harv-1, Harv-10), getting calls on the IMP phone in the middle of the night from the BBN network operations asking me to reboot it manually as it had gotten wedged...<p>And, next to me, Bill Gates writing his first assembler&#x2F;linker&#x2F;simulator for the Altair 8080... (I tried talking him out of this microcomputer distraction -- we have the whole world of mainframes at our fingertips! -- without success.)<p>(Edit:) We also would play the game of telnet-till-you-die, going from machine to machine around the world (no passwords on guest accounts in the early days), until the connection died somewhere along the way.<p>Plus, once the hackers came along, Geoff Steckel (systems guy on the PDP-10) wrote a little logger to record all incoming guests keystrokes on an old teletype, so we could watch them attempting to hack the system.
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mhandley4 个月前
I worked for Peter Kirstein for many years - he always had wonderful stories to tell.<p>In the article Peter talks about the temporary import license for the original ARPAnet equipment. The delayed VAT and duty bill for this gear prevented anyone else taking over the UK internet in the early days because the bill would have then become due. But he didn&#x27;t mention that eventually if the original ARPAnet equipment was ever scrapped, the bill would also become due.<p>When I was first at UCL in the mid 1980s until well into the 90s, all that equipment was stored disused in the mens toilets in the basement. Eventually Peter decided someone had to do something about it, but he couldn&#x27;t afford the budget to ship all this gear back to the US. Peter always seemed to delight in finding loopholes, so he pulled some strings. Peter was always very well connected - UCL even ran the .int and nato.int domains for a long time. So, at some point someone from UCL drove a truck full of obsolete ARPAnet gear to some American Air Force base in East Anglia that was technically US territory. Someone from the US air force gave them a receipt, and the gear was officially exported. And there it was left, in the US Air Force garbage. Shame it didn&#x27;t end up in a museum, but that would have required paying the VAT bill.
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nxobject4 个月前
The most hilari-depressing part of the story was the funding politics and grantwriting headaches that have never changed:<p>– the NPL couldn&#x27;t set up a British inter-network because of pressure from GPO;<p>– they couldn&#x27;t connect to ARPA via Norway because of the Foreign Office;<p>– then, UCL couldn&#x27;t get funding from SERC;<p>– then, UCL couldn&#x27;t get funding from DTI because it didn&#x27;t have industrial interest (although, to be fair, it was the department of &quot;industry&quot;)...<p>...and then nearly a decade later government bodies were trying to take it over.<p>(It looks like the IMP&#x2F;TIP was literally funded by petty-ish £££ that the NPL superintendent could get his hands on without further approval. To be fair, GPO did fund the link to Oslo.)
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gnufx4 个月前
The trouble was that it was quite unclear to a researcher, even in one of the research council networking hubs, how to get access to the gateway, and it may have cost. I gave up trying before going to work in Oak Ridge for the summer (where I was taken aback by the primitive computing, at least &quot;outside the fence&quot;). For some time (mid-80s to early 90s? I don&#x27;t remember) we were generally dependent on the infamous BITNET email gateway to communicate with the rest of the world from the well-developed UK network. It was &quot;interesting&quot; to deal with code in a Swedish 6-bit character set sent through the EBCDIC gateway to ISO 646-GB. (The Fortran Hollerith formats were added interest...)
ChildOfChaos4 个月前
Peter Kirstein died in January 2020, likely around the time when the internet finally reached Wales.<p>Context: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;x.com&#x2F;vizcomic&#x2F;status&#x2F;457192728770510848" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;x.com&#x2F;vizcomic&#x2F;status&#x2F;457192728770510848</a>
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lysace4 个月前
So I was just reading through a 1988 Swedish popular book on &quot;data communications&quot;. Not a single word on Arpanet&#x2F;etc. <i>Many</i> other network technologies and attempts at global networks described.<p>My point: &quot;Internet&quot; wasn&#x27;t very well-known &quot;even&quot; in 1988 outside of well-connected places.<p>Book: Scandinavian PC Systems, Valentino Berti: &quot;Introduktion till datakommunikation&quot;
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timthorn4 个月前
&gt; The little black book of the internet<p>The article doesn&#x27;t mention the Coloured Book protocols, but I&#x27;m pretty sure this phrasing isn&#x27;t accidental: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Coloured_Book_protocols" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Coloured_Book_protocols</a>
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Its_Padar4 个月前
&gt; (2018)<p>I&#x27;m pretty sure the article is more recent than that... After some searching I found the Conversation&#x27;s RSS feed for technology[1] which says it was 2025 after searching the page for &quot;internet&quot; and looking through the results<p><pre><code> &lt;id&gt;tag:theconversation.com,2011:article&#x2F;45404&lt;&#x2F;id&gt; &lt;published&gt;2025-01-08T16:44:10Z&lt;&#x2F;published&gt; &lt;updated&gt;2025-01-08T16:44:10Z&lt;&#x2F;updated&gt; &lt;link rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;text&#x2F;html&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;theconversation.com&#x2F;how-britain-got-its-first-internet-connection-by-the-late-pioneer-who-created-the-first-password-on-the-internet-45404&quot;&#x2F;&gt; &lt;title&gt;How Britain got its first internet connection – by the late pioneer who created the first password on the internet&lt;&#x2F;title&gt; </code></pre> [1] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;theconversation.com&#x2F;uk&#x2F;technology&#x2F;articles.atom" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;theconversation.com&#x2F;uk&#x2F;technology&#x2F;articles.atom</a>
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gnufx4 个月前
Not relevant to the article, but for the history of UK academic networking mentioned in various comments, Wikipedia&#x27;s account looks about right, though I&#x27;m not sure it&#x27;s up-to-date concerning the regions: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;JANET" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;JANET</a><p>I was using SRCnet in 1981, when Liverpool Physics had a dedicated link to Daresbury (national lab) whose speed I don&#x27;t remember at that stage. Unfortunately the infamous PDP11 &quot;terminal concentrators&quot; for interactive use then were horribly unreliable. RJE to the cloud, where analyses ran, worked well.
nickdothutton4 个月前
The story has it all. Government stupidity and shortsightedness. Nonsensical self-harming bureaucracy. A plucky, persistent, woefully underfunded Brit who eventually succeeded in spite of the state.
msla4 个月前
Here&#x27;s a debunking and a history of the myth the ARPANET&#x2F;Internet was designed to survive nuclear war:<p><a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;9ol.es&#x2F;nuclear-myth.html" rel="nofollow">http:&#x2F;&#x2F;9ol.es&#x2F;nuclear-myth.html</a><p>A bit more:<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;history.stackexchange.com&#x2F;questions&#x2F;15035&#x2F;did-the-cold-war-affect-the-development-of-the-internet" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;history.stackexchange.com&#x2F;questions&#x2F;15035&#x2F;did-the-co...</a>
DrBazza4 个月前
&gt; he was prevented from extending his project outside the lab by pressure from the British Post Office, which then held a monopoly on telecommunications.<p>The UK and telecoms don&#x27;t make a happy pairing - we always seem to do the wrong thing:<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.techradar.com&#x2F;news&#x2F;world-of-tech&#x2F;how-the-uk-lost-the-broadband-race-in-1990-1224784" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.techradar.com&#x2F;news&#x2F;world-of-tech&#x2F;how-the-uk-lost...</a><p>Dr Cochrane knew that Britain&#x27;s tired copper network was insufficient: &quot;In 1974 it was patently obvious that copper wire was unsuitable for digital communication in any form, and it could not afford the capacity we needed for the future.&quot;<p>He was asked to do a report on the UK&#x27;s future of digital communication and what was needed to move forward.<p>&quot;In 1979 I presented my results,&quot; he tells us, &quot;and the conclusion was to forget about copper and get into fibre. So BT started a massive effort - that spanned in six years - involving thousands of people to both digitise the network and to put fibre everywhere. The country had more fibre per capita than any other nation.<p>&quot;In 1986, I managed to get fibre to the home cheaper than copper and we started a programme where we built factories for manufacturing the system. By 1990, we had two factories, one in Ipswich and one in Birmingham, where were manufacturing components for systems to roll out to the local loop&quot;.
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ryao4 个月前
I really hope cable management has improved at LLNL since the 70s when that picture was taken.
sourraspberry4 个月前
Time-sharing is interesting. The same kind of thing is happening now with AI.
justinl334 个月前
let&#x27;s thank him for making some absolutely god-mode architectural calls (protocol layering, manufacturer agnosticism, etc.)
ggm4 个月前
I had the great fortune to work at UCL in the early 1980s, just as SATNET came to an end as a project. I worked on what became ISODE, and related stuff as well as doing operations bits and pieces. I was far too junior to figure in Peter&#x27;s planning but I will say, he was a very interesting HoD: he didn&#x27;t suffer fools gladly (and I am one) but at the same time could be quite forgiving, if you were at least entertaining about your foolishness.<p>His most preferred model of funding work was to have 9&#x2F;10ths of it done or a sure-fure thing, and then use the funding to work on the next idea, so he was guaranteed to have goods to deliver at the end of the project. He didn&#x27;t always carry it off but when it worked it was superlative. I was on at least one OSI (protocol) project with 6 partners across industry and research in Europe, and the work was very unequal. That said, very fine dinners. I have fond memories of INRIA canteen food having wine and fresh fruit. UCL had baked beans and pies, the staff club had the same baked beans and pies but you could eat them under a superb Stanley Spenser oil painting of the resurrection.<p>The first Cisco Router turned up one day, it had annoyingly noisy fans which blew air a useless direction compared to the rest of the racks. As Mark Handley has pointed out below the basement was full of trash: a fantastic Prism-wedge shaped digital copying stand used with the British Library to photograph rare works, and an unbelievably expensive CCD digital camera attached gathering dust, a BBN Butterfly (it was a heap of crap frankly) running pre-BGP routing, a BLIT terminal and depraz mouse, the first Dec and Sun workstations.<p>We ran a project with the slade school of art doing digital arts design with them, lovely people. I still have some of the reject works.<p>Peter liked inviting people to come and be at UCL. During my time Bob Braden (SATNET) was there, and Mike Lesk (UUCP) -and they were also very nice and approachable. Tiny tea-room, I caused a kurfuffle washing out the most disgustingly stained coffee mug there, the owner of which was bulding the patina both to see how thick it got, and to discourage others from using his cup.<p>Peter had one standing rule you did NOT break: If there was an inter-departmental meeting with the people from ULCC (at that time down at Lambs Conduit St) he expected you to &quot;vote against&quot; any proposal they brought to the table without question: Departmental politics ran deep.<p>Peter was a committed skier, he was hardly young when I got there and he was still avidly visiting the alps as often as possible.<p>UCL ran the gateway from JANET (X.25 based non internet) to the ARPANet which required you to login to a unix jump host and use kermit to connect across, and lodge FTP requests using JANET &quot;grey book&quot; FTP protocol to talk to the FTP client through a conversion script. The gateway got hacked every now and then. Some of us were a bit unkind and said it used Kermit because Peter, who was somewhat small, frog-like and had thick glasses he peered through, appreciated the joke that he was Kermit personified.
dang4 个月前
I&#x27;ve put 2018 as an approximation above because the intro says &quot;a few years before he died&quot; in 2020. If anybody can figure out the actual year, we can change it.<p>Edit: in HN titles, if you see a year at the end in parens, that indicates the year that the <i>article</i> originated. If you see a year that&#x27;s not at the end in parens, that&#x27;s part of the article title, meaning it&#x27;s probably about something that happened that year. That&#x27;s the convention anyhow.
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dang4 个月前
[stub for offtopicness]
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