When purchasing a new computer, one typically expects it to be faster and more powerful than its predecessor. However, many people experience the opposite: the new machine feels sluggish, programs take longer to launch, and updates seem endless. Why is that?<p>A possible answer lies in the following table, which illustrates typical computer actions and their speeds. It also shows how long these actions would take if performed by humans:<p><pre><code> Action CPU Time Human Time (Comparison)
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Addition 0.5 ns 10 seconds
Multiplication 1 ns 20 seconds
Division 2 ns 40 seconds
Cache Access (L1) 0.5 ns 10 seconds
Cache Access (L3) 5 ns 1 minute
RAM Access 50 ns 10 minutes
Disk Access (NVMe SSD) 10 µs 33 hours
Disk Access (SATA SSD) 100 µs 14 days
Disk Access (HDD) 10 ms 4 years
Ping (Website, 50 ms) 50 ms 20 years
Application Start 2 s 1,000 years
4K Image at 60 Hz 16.7 ms 7,000 years
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1. The Bottleneck: Memory Access<p>Modern processors, such as the Intel Core i7, are incredibly fast. A simple addition takes only 0.5 nanoseconds—an almost inconceivably short time compared to how long a human would need. But this speed is often bottlenecked by slow memory access:<p>Cache accesses (especially L1 and L3) are relatively fast, but RAM access is significantly slower.<p>Disk accesses, even with fast NVMe SSDs, are orders of magnitude slower compared to CPU speeds. An old HDD (spinning disk) is especially problematic.<p>Programs with high memory requirements can exacerbate these delays. The more data that needs to be loaded, the more frequently the RAM or disk is accessed, nullifying the CPU’s speed advantage.<p>2. The Bloat of Modern Software<p>Another factor is the sheer size of modern software. While older programs were lean and efficient, today’s applications are often “bloated” with numerous features and graphical interfaces. This program size has direct consequences:<p>More data needs to be loaded from the disk.<p>Larger memory requirements lead to more frequent RAM access.<p>Example: A text editor from the past was only a few megabytes and could load in milliseconds. Modern editors with cloud integration and advanced features are often hundreds of megabytes and take seconds or even minutes to become fully operational.<p>3. Network Dependency and Updates<p>Many modern programs check for updates at startup or load online resources, which can significantly delay their launch:<p>A ping to a website takes about 50 milliseconds, a relatively long time compared to CPU operations.<p>Update checks can take several seconds or even minutes, especially on slow internet connections.<p>Older software was often offline and ran without delay, while today, a large portion of computational resources is spent on server communication.<p>4. Conclusion: Speed Is Relative<p>The speed of modern computers is influenced by multiple factors. Despite faster processors, modern PCs often feel slower because:<p>Memory access (RAM and disk) bottlenecks the CPU.<p>Software has become larger and more memory-intensive.<p>Network operations, such as update checks, delay program launches.<p>If your new PC feels sluggish, consider these bottleneck factors. Optimizing memory usage, reducing unnecessary background processes, and using lightweight software can significantly improve perceived speed.<p>Note: The times listed above can vary significantly depending on the specific CPU, GPU, or hardware configuration.