Austral: A Systems Language with Linear Types and Capabilities (2022)

The explicit regions make it really clear what &quot;borrowing&quot; is actually doing. Rust tries to do as much as possible implicitly, which is convenient 90% of the time but when it doesn&#x27;t work as you expect you&#x27;re left scratching your head.<p>If nothing else, Austral makes for a wonderful teaching language for linear types&#x2F;regions&#x2F;capabilities.

Really love the principles set out here. Love the concessions made in order to keep the language simpler.<p>I&#x27;ve been idly considering building an alternative Rust std lib with a shape that reminds me of the capabilities system laid out here. In my case that was less out of a desire for supply chain security (impossible if I&#x27;m just swapping the std lib) and more to discourage side effects from being produced deep within the core of program logic.<p>WRT the rejection of async, has there been any consideration of a more general feature like generators or coroutines? Resumable functions are a really nice way to write state machines. I don&#x27;t expect those to go out of style.

Linear types are an interesting idea.<p>I really liked the way that each transformation of the file was a separate File object, reminded me of functional style immutable data structures where each transformation returns a new structure.

It&#x27;s a shame the last release was 2023 and the status was planning and expanding the standard library. I find myself rather enjoying both the syntax and stated philosophy. Unfortunately, I&#x27;m not really in a position to contribute anything myself to keep it going.

Lovely. It is well written and has a design I can 100% agree with.<p>I am curious, though: How will separate compilation work? I think it&#x27;s an important practical feature but polymorphism (which I simply assume from the presence of type classes) and flexible file&#x2F;module mappings make it extremely difficult to implement.

If the author&#x2F;someone with knowledge of the language lurks here, there&#x27;s these unanswered questions from the previous discussions that I&#x27;d interested about: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=34205220">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=34205220</a>

Its very interesting but i disagree with the operator precedence.<p>&gt; but programming languages have many categories of binary operators—arithmetic, comparison, bitwise, Boolean—and mixing them together creates room for error<p>I think an expert should be able to remember the operator precedence of C and s.th. like<p>a &lt; x &amp;&amp; b &gt;= y<p>is easier for a human to read than this<p>(a &lt; x) &amp;&amp; (b &gt;= y)<p>Edit: Besides that it looks pretty promising. They even got it right to call the void type unit.

I love this project and particularly its documentation.<p>But:<p>&gt; Design Goals<p>&gt; - Simplicity (...) is the amount of information it takes to describe a system.<p>&gt; (...)<p>&gt;<p>&gt; Anti-Features<p>&gt; - There are no exceptions<p>&gt;<p>&gt; (Error handling etc. omitted for clarity.)<p>At first sight, error handling is going to be laborious in this language. I wonder what&#x27;s the state of the art in PL theory regarding error handling in a context without automatic resource management. Anything better than manual bubbling up of errors up the chain of callers until one takes responsibility?

I&#x27;m missing something on the discussion of correctness for Linear types:<p><pre><code> let file: File := openFile(&quot;test.txt&quot;); writeString(file, &quot;Hello, world!&quot;); g(file); </code></pre> If I have any other function &#x27;g&#x27; that takes a File and returns Unit, wouldn&#x27;t the compiler be ok with that. Now I have a dangling file pointer.

Earlier discussion:<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=34168452">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=34168452</a>

Very cool! This is exactly the topic I will probably be working in my Masters thesis. I am curious if you done anything about linearity and concurrency in the type system. Can one send files across threads for example?

An interesting design choice of Austral is the use of second-class references [0] in place of first-class references like Rust does. This makes the implementation of a borrow checker simpler at the cost of reduced expressiveness. Hylo (previously Val) [1] tries also to find a way of avoiding first-class references using value semantic and subscripts.<p>[0] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;borretti.me&#x2F;article&#x2F;second-class-references;" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;borretti.me&#x2F;article&#x2F;second-class-references;</a> [1] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.hylo-lang.org&#x2F;" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.hylo-lang.org&#x2F;</a>