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Is language unique to humans?

37 点作者 dn2k超过 12 年前

11 条评论

antihero超过 12 年前
<i>"We're sorry but this site is not accessible from the UK as it is part of our international service and is not funded by the licence fee. It is run commercially by BBC Worldwide, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the BBC, the profits made from it go back to BBC programme-makers to help fund great new BBC programmes. You can find out more about BBC Worldwide and its digital activities at www.bbcworldwide.com."</i><p>What the fuck? I mean what reason is there to <i>actively prevent</i> us seeing free content?
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yread超过 12 年前
<i>Like sentences, the catalogue of human actions is infinite. We stretch, bend, and kick. We build bridges and prepare meals. We perform an endless variety of dance routines. We make paper airplanes. A complex action, like hammering a nail, can be broken down into its constituent actions – grasping, striking, reaching – just as a sentence can be broken into its units – nouns, verbs, adjectives. In 1951, cognitive psychologist Karl Lashley proposed a link between language and action. "Not only speech,” he wrote, “but all skilled acts seem to involve the same problems of serial ordering, even down to the temporal coordination of muscular contractions in such a movement as reaching and grasping." Just as a stream of speech does not contain explicit pauses between words, fluid actions like nail hammering do not contain breaks between their components. Yet humans effortlessly parse speech streams and action sequences into their parts.</i><p>I've found this part most interesting. I wonder if it's just the general pattern matching at work or something more.
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scotty79超过 12 年前
I think that the language is actually the reason why we have such big brains. If speaking was just a bit harder we couldn't do it.<p>When you rough up brain a little bit during surgery speech problems is the first thing to expect even if you never touched anything near speech centers. Even when you are just tired speech is one of the first things that get affected.<p>Even perfectly healthy well rested average person is awful at speaking. We are not usually aware of that because we don't pay the close attention to all little flaws.<p>When I observed carefully my partner after she had craniotomy to spot any signs of any possible post surgery complications I stared noticing how much other people mess up their talk.
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motters超过 12 年前
I think the answer is no, and that the main difference between human language and other languages is its grammatical structure.<p>The languages of other creatures seem to be context free, or just regular expressions of the type "if your hear sound X replace that with concept or behavior Y". Human language is a lot more generative and context dependent, allowing nested or recursive structures. A Turing Complete language allows arbitrary types of machines to be supported within the culture. Of course in practice these machines are never completely arbitrary, since there are plenty of biological constraints.
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wazari972超过 12 年前
&#62; We're sorry but this site is not accessible from the UK as it is part of our international service and is not funded by the licence fee.<p>too bad, it sounds interesting !
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6ren超过 12 年前
Other animals have much in common with us: able to navigate their environment, recognize specific objects etc, they have emotions of fear, anger, affection. And they have some problem-solving ability.<p>They also have a lot less brain hardware than us - even chimpanzee brains are smaller and are much less folded. So even if they could do what we do, they couldn't do it as well as us.<p>But I think what is special about human intelligence and language is a difference in kind. I'm thinking of the difference between regular grammars, context free grammars, context sensitive grammars and turing equivalent grammars (though the actually demarcation could be quite different).<p>I think it's possible for a creature, far less intelligent than us, to have our level of sophistication in this sense. Unfortunately, without powerful hardware to store all the entities and connections and relate them to the world, it wouldn't help a creature to survive, so I can't see it evolving naturally.<p>If you have very little silicon you're better off devoting it to hardwired reactions, with a little configurability - and not even have recursion.
ari_elle超过 12 年前
I seriously doubt the capabilities of animals when it comes to language.<p>Sure they have a wide spectrum of gestures and facial expressions (of course especially apes or gorillas, with which we share a great amount of our genetics), but do they really understand?<p>Is the record of "Alex" the Grey Parrot impressive?<p>Yes, but don't forget that a qualified animal researcher and scientist made it her life's project to teach this parrot.<p>I think that most animals just learn to loosely "say"/do things when it's wanted from them, because of very loose connections and patterns they recognize, not certainly as a way of deep emotional expression.<p><i>Maybe someone has Sources for Neurological Studies on this?</i><p>Could in my opinion clarify a little bit, what these animals actually "think" while issuing sign language gestures or while talking, therefore maybe unraveling their real capabilities of understanding.
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curiousdannii超过 12 年前
Animals can without doubt use symbolic systems, whether the sounds they naturally make, or the systems researchers teach them. But symbolic systems are not languages.<p>Symbolic systems can work because both communicating parties will share the system. But an important feature of language is that it can be used to communicate ideas which are not shared - you can communicate something that the listener has never heard before, and in fact, you can communicate something which no one has ever even thought before (well assuming that's actually possible.)<p>One thing to show that these symbolic systems were languages would be to teach the meaning of a new symbol to these animals using only the existing symbols. I don't know if these researchers have tried, but I don't expect that it will be possible to. Language is the probably the defining feature of humanity.
Arjuna超过 12 年前
Related, interesting questions: is language unique to thought? Is thought possible without words?
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GNUmaro超过 12 年前
Another good article about ant communication: <a href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/retrieve/pii/S0960982206018343" rel="nofollow">http://www.cell.com/current-biology/retrieve/pii/S0960982206...</a><p>And if you believe on: <a href="http://quran.com/27/18-19" rel="nofollow">http://quran.com/27/18-19</a>
arjunbajaj超过 12 年前
I'm certain that Programming Languages are! :)